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It is doubtful that Tyrannosaurus Rex had lips or that Triceratops had cheeks, says Lawrence Wttmer, an assistant professor of anatomy at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. Witmer was a leading researcher for a study on dinosaur anatomy that was presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology, which concluded on October 3 in Snowbird, Utah.
Witmer’s study reached its conclusions by using high-tech computerized axial to mograply (CT or CAT) scans along with comparative anatomy studies, For example, the theory that Triecratops and similar dinosaur species had cheeks was based on past comparisons with mammals such as sheep. But Witmer’s earful analysis found the structure of the triceratops jaw and skull made it more likely that Triecratops had a beak like that of an eagle. Witmer said that scientists should use birds and crocodiles as models when researching the appearance of dinosaurs.
In early October scientists announced that they had confirmed the discovery of a new type of ceratopsian dinosaur. The dinosaur’s bones, found in New Mexico in 1996, are forcing paleontologists to rethink their theories about when ceratopsians migrated to what is now North America.
Scientists previously thought that ceratopsians, the group that included the well-known Triceratops, arrived in North America from Asia between 70 million and 80 million years ago. During this time, the late Gretaceous Period, the earth’s two supercontinents -- Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south -- were in the process of pulling apart, cutting dinosaur populations off from each other and interrupting migratory patterns.
The fossilized bones, found by eight-year-old Christopher Wolfe and his father, paleontologist Doug Wolfe of the Mesa Southwest Museum in Arizona, date to about 90 million years ago. This could mean that ceratopsians originated in North America and migrated to Asia rather than the reverse, paleontologists said. Doug Wolfe named the important new species of dinosaur Zuniceratops christopheri after his son.
An expedition from the Universities of Alaska in Anchorage and Fairbanks has discovered a region in remote northern Alaska so rich in fossilized dinosaur tracks that team members dubbed it the "dino expressway". The trampled area was found during the summer of 1998 in Alaska's Noah Slope near the Brooks Range.
The team found 13 new track sites and made easts from the prints of five different types of dinosaurs. The rook in which the prints were found dates to more than 100 million years ago, or about 25 million years older than the previously discovered signs of dinosaurs in the Artic region. Paleontologists said that the new findings provide important evidence that dinosaurs migrated between Asia and North America during the early and mid-Cretaceous Period, before Asia split off into its own continent.
Two rich fossil sites in the hills of Bolivia have been recently discovered, exciting paleontologists and dinosaur buffs. This discovery includes one of the most spectacular dinosaur trackways ever found.
The discovery of a large site in the mountain region of Kila Kila in southern Bolivia was announced in early October. Here scientists found the tracks of at least two unknown species of dinosaur. These included a large quadruped (four-foot ed) dinosaur that was probably about 20m (about 70ft. ) long.
The other site, located not far from the Bolivian city of Sucre, was uncovered in a cement quarry by workers several years ago but was not brought to paleontologists' attention until the middle of 1998. The site features a v

A. Tyrannosaurus Rex had lips and Triceratops had cheeks
B. dinosaurs might have looked like mammals such as sheep
C. dinosaurs might not have looked like what we thought
D. dinosaurs must have looked like birds or crocodiles

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Which of these did Pedro miss most from the ranch?

A. The sound of the guitar.
B. The strong coffee and beef jerky.
C. The lowing of cattle at sundown.
D. The odor of the corral.

SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文:Stan: Hi, Camellia. Have you attended professor Gabriel's lecture?
Camellia: No. What was it about?
Stan: Energy -- energy future and today.
Camellia: Oh, what a pity. You know, I' m writing a paper on this subject. And I have spent a lot of time to collect materials. I shouldn’t have missed this chance.
Stan: Don’t worry. I made a lot of notes. You can take my notebook and have a look.
Camellia: It's very kind of you... (open the notebook).., mmm,., but it seems.., mmm.., that you have written hastily and some parts are not...
Stan: That’s true. The lecture is magnificent, so I tried to write down all the things.,, mmm.., never mind. I' m free now and I can tell you what I can remember.
Camellia: Oh, thank you. You' re really a great friend.
Stan: OK. The professor began with the alternative energy. He said there is a great deal of information mad enthusiasm about the development and increased production for the global energy needs from alternative energy sources.
Camellia: I know that solar energy, wind power and moving water are all sources of alternative energy.
Stan: And they are progressing. It makes many people believe that our future energy demands will easily be met.
Camellia: It’s not So?
Stan: According to the professor, absolutely not. We often mention alternative energy to refer to those energy that is produced from sources other than our primary energy supply: fossil fuels -- coal, oil and natural gas. The problem is, fossil fuels are non-renewable.
Camellia: Yes, you know, fossil fuels were formed from plants and animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. So there would be another hundreds of millions of years to reproduce.
Stan: They arc limited in supply and we have mostly depended on them for our energy needs, from home heating and electricity to fuel for our automobiles and mass transportation. They will one day be used up. There is no esca ping this conclusion.
Camellia: How about nuclear energy. Isn’t it a potential source of energy?
Stan: The professor said nuclear energy, which is primarily generated by splitting atoms, only provides 6% of the world’s energy supplies. And it is not likely to be a major source of world energy consumption because of public pressure and the relative dangers associated with unleashing the power of the atom.
Camellia: Did the professor give any information about how much fossil energies provide?
Stan: Let me see.., ah, yes, that’s nearly 88% of the world’s energy needs, or about 350 quadrillion British Thermal Units -- or BTUs. The total world energy demand is about 400 quadrillion BTUs -- each year. A BTU is roughly equal to the energy and heat generated by a match. Of this amount oil, coal and natural gas supply, oil is the king, providing about 41% of the world's total energy supplies, or about 164 quadrillion BTUs. Coal provides 24% of the world’s energy, or 96 quadrillion BTUs, and natural gas provides the remaining 22%, or 88 quadrillion BTUs.
Camellia: Just how limited are our fossil fuel reserves?
Stan: Some estimates say our fossil fuel reserves will be used up within 50 years, while others say it will be 100-120 years.
Camellia: It’s terrible. We are going to run out of fossil fuels for energy and we have no choice but to prepare for the new age of energy production since, most certainly , human demands for energy will not decrease.
Stan: Nobody really knows when the last drop of oil, lump of coal or cubic foot of natural gas will be collected from the Earth. All of it will depend on how well we manage our manage our energy demands and how well we ca

A. The progress in developing alternative energy.
B. The abundant deposit.
C. The development of technology.
D. All of the above.

At 5:30 in the morning we are deep in a dark forest on an island in the middle of the Panama Canal. We' ve been out walking for only 15 minutes, but I' m already soaked in sweat.
As a colleague and I plod along, my head lamp picks out the occasional trail marker, but mainly the light seems to operate as a major local landmark for insects. Several mosquitoes have already discovered the delights of the soft parts of my ears, while others are slowly working their way between my socks and legs to be discovered later after much scratching. Suddenly a deranged roaring and barking starts 25m above my head and builds chaotically and intensity before slowly quieting after several minutes. Similar mad choruses respond from other areas of the forest. Hearing the dawn cacophony of howler monkeys always given me a deep sense of pleasure -- the joy of being back in the tropics. It may be a hot, humid place where insects, plants and fungi rule, but the phone and fax won’t find me here. I' m free to watch monkeys, collect data and try to tease out a tiny piece of the great puzzle of life’s diversity.
That diversity faces disaster, and every biologist has a horror story to tell. Each year many of us return to the field after a cold winter’s teaching to discover that our research sites have been destroyed and our experiments and study organisms have disappeared. We can see with our own eyes the mass extermination of the world’s animal and plant life as forests, savannas and wetlands give way to farmland, housing developments and shopping malls. If current rates of habitat destruction continue, it is likely that we will condemn from a quarter to half the world’s currently living species to extinction within the next 100 years.
Nowhere is life more diverse than in tropical rain forests, and nowhere is the assault on life more tragic. Scientists are only beginning to understand the complex webs of interdependencies among various species. Increasingly, ecological re- search in the tropics in revealing how dependent humans are on forests for a wide variety of important services, particularly regulation of the earth’s atmosphere and climate. We may owe as much to the residents of the rain forests as we do our cat- tie, corn and wheat.
Much of our understanding of tropical-forest biology comes from research on Barro Colorado Island, a 1,600-hectare dot in the middle of the Panama Canal. B. C. I. , as the island is affectionately known to the biologists who work there, is covered with dense tropical forest, which was declared a nature reserve in 1923. The Smithsonian Tropical Research' Institute facility on B. C. I. , established in 1946, is a Mecca for tropical biologists, who work to uncover the complex links between the large variety of species that live in forests and to demonstrate the importance of these woodlands as sources for medicines and other products of incalculable value to humans.
The atmosphere at the research station is probably similar to that at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the 1940s when a group of the world’s top physicists were cloistered together trying to design the atom bomb. The justified the creation of a nuclear weapon by assuming it would provide the ultimate deterrent that could be used to reinforce peace in a democratic world. Similarly, the longer-term future of human civilization on earth is dependent on the earth’s forests, which act as its lungs, livers and kidneys. That is why scientists on B. C.I. are struggling to unravel the mysteries of the forests before they disappear.
At first the forest in Panama just looks tike a wall of green. Then you start to notice differences between plant species, and the sheer diversity seems suddenly overwhelming. Variations between plants are often subtle and only apparent for the short period of time that a species bears flowers or fruit. Slowly you begin to identify specific types and family groups such as the palms, helico

A. research into tropical-forest biology on Barco Colorado Island
B. how the whole ecosystems can depend on the survival of a single species
C. the life cycle Of the fig wasp
D. the importance of forests to the human race

During the time he stayed in Houston, Pedro

A. strutted like an only rooster in a small barnyard.
B. drank strong coffee and ate beef jerky.
C. worked on the sugar-cane plantations.
D. slept in a room above a garage.

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