题目内容
Modern anthropologists hold that referential symbolism—i.e. oral speech,
writing, national flags, and flag signaling-developed later than condensation
symbolism, a highly condensed form. of substitutive behavior. for direct
Line expression that allows the release of emotional tension. Most referential
(5) symbolisms derive from unconsciously evolved symbolisms saturated with
emotional quality that have gradually acquired a purely referential character as
the linked emotion dropped out of the behavior. Thus, shaking the fist at an
imaginary enemy-condensation symbolism-becomes a dissociated and thus
referential symbol for anger when no enemy is actually intended.
(10) Once referential symbolism is established as a mere by-product of behavior,
more conscious symbols of reference are evolved by the imitation in simplified
form. of the thing signified, as in the case of pictographic writing. Referential
symbolism may also be attained by mere social agreement, as when a numbered
check is arbitrarily assigned to a man's hat. The less primary and associational
(15) the symbolism, the more dissociated from its original context, the less
emotionalized it becomes, the more it takes on the character of true reference.
If the argument in the passage is valid, a condensation symbol of performing a gesture in the presence of a specific problem would be LEAST likely to become a referential symbol for expressing dismay when
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Computers, and especially connecting to the Internet, provide unique opportunities to enhance science and math education.
Take, for example, the project called Chickscope, a program that would only be possible with the Internet. Which came first, the chicken or the egg？ In schools across the country, many teachers use the egg as a springboard to a demonstration of how life begins and develops, setting up an incubator to hatch chicks in the classroom. Fascinated kids watch as a chick pecks its way through the shell and finally struggles out.
But what if the kids could see inside the egg and observe the changes in the chick embryo during its three weeks of growth. gathering egg-related data along the way？ Chickscope, an interdisciplinary program based at the University of Illinois at Urbane-Champaign, permits just that. Kids see inside the egg courtesy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology. Without leaving their classrooms, East Central Illinois high school students and teachers can access and operate an MRI system via the World Wide Web, and watch as the chick embryo matures.
"They actually run the MRI system, collect data, and run experiments," says Clint Potter, Chickscope project leader and a researcher at the university's Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. A key side benefit: Students not only learn about the subject at hand, they feel as though they are part of "a community of learners." as one teacher put it.
This community concept is key to many of the prevailing theories about how best to learn science. Kids tend to learn faster and more deeply when the learning experience is shared. And that's what makes the Internet, with its built-in ability to promote interaction, so powerful. Students can use the Net as a tool to construct solutions to problems, learning from one another in the process by doing, not by rote instruction.
And community learning can benefit the community. In an environmental science class at Covington High School in Covington, Louisiana, for example, students used the Internet to focus on cleaning up a local polluted stream by researching water-quality improvement techniques. With the help of a computer, they put together multimedia presentations for local and state political leaders. The Army Corps of Engineers awarded the city a grant to proceed with cleanup in large part because of the students' work, which the Corps said was the equivalent of ＄ 50,000 of research and preparation time.
Because the Internet is not limited in time and space, it can transport kids to realms that are intrinsically more exciting than their own classrooms. Thousands of elementary school students connected by the Internet are joining biologist David Anderson in collecting satellite data that tracks the marathon flights of two species of albatross that nest on Tern Island in Hawaii.
The Albatross Project, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation, seeks to learn how the availability of food affects the large seabirds' extremely slow reproduction. But it has another purpose, sparking children's interest in science by involving them in actual research. The project seemed the perfect opportunity to engage school-age kids in science, says Anderson.
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