题目内容
The passage suggests that the fact the "only one community cancer cluster had ever been traced to an environmental cause' (Para. 3)is most likely due to the
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已知下列函数定义： fun(int%，int c,int n，int datA){int k； for(k=0；k＜m*n；k++) {*b=data； b++；} } 则调用此函数的正确写法是(假设变量a的说明为int a[50])()。
以下程序段的输出结果是()。 #include＜stdio.h＞ main() {char p[][4]={"ABC"，"DEF"，"GHI"}； int i； for(i=0；i＜3；i++) puts(p[i])； }
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated, In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist Polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995, In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack, America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen be low most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild？ The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
From the passage we learn that ______.
Community cancer dusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists and by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope—that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers—than by scientific method.
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontiguous conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population) , duster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable be considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War II shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the cluster and the fact that the men had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer duster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community's suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this is the problem of cancer's latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing？ Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well-designed scientific study.
The "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace's desire to______.
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