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Who are responsible for Evan's death, according to Chris？
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Sending E-mails to Professors
One student skipped class and then sent the professor an E-mail【51】for copies of her teaching notes. Another【52】that she was late for a Monday class because she was recovering from drinking too much at a wild weekend party. At colleges and universities in the US, E-mail has made professors more approachable (平易近人). But many say it has made them too accessible,【53】 boundaries that traditionally kept students at a healthy distance.
These days, professors say, students seem to view them as available【54】the clock, sending a steady stream of informal E-mails.
"The tone that they take in E-mails is pretty astounding (令人吃惊的)," said Michael Kessler, an assistant dean at Georgetown University. "They'll【55】you to help: 'I need to know this.'"
"There's a fine【56】between meeting their needs and at the same time maintaining a level of legitimacy (正统性) as an【57】who is in charge."
Christopher Dede, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, said【58】 show that students no longer defer to (听从) their professors, perhaps because they realize that professors'【59】could rapidly become outdated.
"The deference was driven by the【60】that professors were all-knowing sources of deep knowledge," Dede said, and that notion has【61】.
For junior faculty members, E-mails bring new tension into their work, some say, as they struggle with how to【62】. Their job prospects, they realize, may rest in part on student evaluations of their accessibility.
College students say E-mail makes【63】easier to ask questions and helps them learn.
But they seem unaware that what they write in E-mails could have negative effects【64】 them, said Alexandra Lahav, an associate professor of Law at the University of Connecticut. She recalled an E-mail message from a student saying that he planned to miss class so he could play with his son. Professor Lahav did not respond.
"Such E-mails can have consequences," she said. "Students don't understand that【65】 they say in E-mail can make them seem unprofessional and could result in a bad recommendation."
(51)
Our current theories of human exchange and enquiry have nothing to do with the ideas developed during the Scottish Enlightenment.
A Tale of Scottish Rural Life
Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish's reading public in 2005．Once considered shocking for its frank description of aspects of the lives of Scotland's poor rural farmers, it has been adapted for stage, film, TV and radio in recent decades.
The novel is set on the fictional estate of Kinraddie, in the farming country of the Scottish northwest in the years up to and beyond World War I. At its heart is the story of Chris, who is both part of the community and a little outside it.
Grassic Gibbon gives us the most detailed and intimate account of the life of his heroine. We watch her grow through a childhood dominated by her cruel but hard-working father; experience tragedy (her mother's suicide and murder of her twin children ) ; and learn about her feelings as she grows into woman. We see her marry, lose her husband, then marry again. Chris has seemed so convincing a figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man.
But it would be misleading to suggest that this book is just about Chris. It is truly a novel of a place and its people. Its opening section tells of Kinraddie's long history, in a language that imitates the place's changing patterns of speech and writing.
The story itself is amazingly null of characters and incidents. It is told from Chris' point of view but also from that of the gossiping community, a community where everybody knows everybody else's business and nothing is ever forgotten.
Sunset. Song has a social theme too. It is concerned with what Grassic Gibbon perceives as the destruction of traditional Scottish rural life first by modernization and then by World War I, Gibbon tried hard to show how certain characters resist the war. Despite this, the war takes the young men away, a number of them to their deaths. In particular it takes away Chris' husband, Evan Tavendale. The war finally kills Evan, but not in the way his widow is told. In fact, the Germans aren't responsible for his death, but his own side. He is shot because he is said to have run away from a battle.
If the novel is about the end of one way of life it also looks ahead, It is a "Sunset Song" but is concerned too with the new Kinraddie, indeed of the new European world. Grassic Gibbon went on to publish two other novels about the place that continue its story.
注释：
[1] Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish's reading public in 2005．Lewis Grassic Gibbon 《日落歌》(1932年在2005 被苏格兰读书界投票为“历来最佳的小说”。
[2] Chris has seemed so convincing a figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man. 在一些女读者看来，Chris这个人物写得非常令人信服，因此难以相信她是由一个男人创作出来的。
What is Sunset Song mainly about？
Electronic Mail
During the past few years, scientists all over the world have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding - writing, any kind of writing, but particularly letter writing. Encouraged by electronic mail's surprisingly high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched the stuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.
Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the Interact, or net.
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail, and of course, land mail. It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous (异步的). (Writer can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting. ) If it is not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.
Jeremy Bernstein, the physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist's umbilical cord (脐带). Later other people, too, have been discovering its connective virtues. Physicists are using it; college students are using it; everybody is using it; and as a sign that it has come of age, the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon—an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily, "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog. "
The reasons given below about the popularity of E-mail can be found in the passage EXCEPT ______.
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