中共十八大强调廉政建设,中国古代很早就有廉政制度。阅读下列材料,回答问题。材料一:秦朝建立了从上至下的比较系统的监察机构,并将这个机构完全置于皇帝的直接掌控之下。秦朝中央监察机构称为御史大夫寺,其最高首脑是御史大夫。御史大夫位居三公之尊,是副丞相,主要职责就是统率监察官员。……御史大夫之下设副职御使丞、御使中丞各一人,统率众多的御使。御使一部分在中央负责日常监察工作,另一部分常驻地方郡一级机构,负责对郡县两级官员的监察,又称监御使、监察使,或简称郡监。……这样,中央和地方官员,莫不在监察机构的监控之下。秦朝建立了独立于行政系统之外的垂直的监察系统,这个系统直接向皇帝负责。--单卫华、赖红卫、张相军《中国廉政文化史》材料二:宋初统治者认识到官员的俸禄与其廉洁的关系,实行了一项精简官员编制、合并州县、提高官吏待遇的政策。州县官员编制精简后,每位州县官加俸五千钱,之后又不断增加各种额外的津贴。与其他朝代相比,宋朝给予官员的俸禄待遇是最为优厚的。宋代的这种高薪制,对于官员的廉政有正面的保障作用。--《宋史》材料三:朱元璋坚持“吾治乱世,刑不得不重”的观点,立下了“杀尽贪官”的决心,制定峻法,惩治贪官。《大诰》就是其重典治贪的具体表现。《大诰》中普列各式酷刑,如断手、斩趾、阉割、枭首、凌迟等三十多种。朱元璋还创造“剥皮实草”之刑,凡贪污六十两银子以上者“枭首示众,仍剥皮实草”。朱元璋还建立了厂卫制度,锦衣卫直接绕过国家正常的司法机构进行缉捕、拷问,其主要惩治对象是不法官吏。
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生态系统的概念,试分析生态系统的基本成分及其作用。
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》关于政府加强环境保护公共设施建设工作的规定是什么?
某火力发电工程EPC总承包项目,总承包商重视对设备的采购工作,把火力发电设备和配套电厂锅炉的采购、订货作为重点,编制了设备采购计划,确定了采购过程的里程碑。项目部针对采购设备的具体情况,把采购中的进度和质量安全的保证作为采购工作重点控制的中心任务。在采购的实施过程中,进行了以下工作: 工作一:设备请购单的审查及询价商务文件编制。项目设计部门在编制完设备请购书及附件后,由项目设计经理签字并提交项目采购经理,经项目采购经理审查,确认请购单及附件的内容齐全,提交时间符合进度计划后由项目采购部门按预定计划实施询价。由于采购项目特殊,询价商务文件采用了采购部门自行编制的商务文件。 工作二:询价。项目采购部门就发电设备和配套电厂锅炉分别进行了询价,询价的厂商一共有12家,其中包括本公司合格厂商以外的业主指定的厂商2家。 工作三:评审。 1.技术评审。技术评审由相关专业负责人进行审核,评审的依据是厂商技术报价文件,评审的结果是8家合格、3家不合格、1家需要做局部修改后才能合格。对所询合格厂商做横向比较并排出推荐顺序。 2.商务评审。对于技术评审不合格的厂商不再做商务评审,商务评审由采购工程师负责组织相关专家进行。商务评审的依据是厂商的商务报价,重点评审价格构成是否合理并具有竞争力。 3.综合评审。综合评审由设计经理和采购经理主持,在技术评审和商务评审的基础上进行。综合评审既要考虑技术,也要考虑商务,从质量、进度、费用、厂商执行合同的信誉、同类产品业绩、交通运输条件等方面综合评价并排出推荐顺序,报公司主管经理审批。 经过评审,项目采购部门选定比较理想的供货厂商,但是报价突破了已经批准的预算。 指出工作一中设备请购单的审查及询价商务文件编制有哪些不妥之处,并加以改正。
Trying to Find a Partner One of the most striking findings of a recent poll in the UK is that of the people interviewed, one in two believes that it is becoming more difficult to meet someone to start a family with. Why are many finding it increasingly difficult to start and sustain intimate relationships? Does modern life really make it harder to fall in love? Or are we making it harder for ourselves? It is certainly the case today that contemporary couples benefit in different ways from relationships. Women no longer rely upon partners for economic security or status. A man doesn't expect his spouse to be in sole charge of running his household and raising his children. But perhaps the knowledge that we can live perfectly well without a partnership means that it takes much more to persuade people to abandon their independence. In theory, finding a partner should be much simpler these days. Only a few generations ago, your choice of soulmate (心上人) was constrained by geography, social convention and family tradition. Although it was never explicit, many marriages were essentially arranged. Now those barriers have been broken down. You can approach a builder or a brain surgeon in any bar in any city on any given evening. When the world is your oyster (牡蛎) ,you surely have a better chance of finding a pearl. But it seems that the old conventions have been replaced by an even tighter constraint: the tyranny of choice. The expectations of partners are inflated to an unmanageable degree: good looks, impressive salary, kind to grandmother, and right socks. There is no room for error in the first impression. We think that a relationship can be perfect. If it isn't, it is disposable. We work to protect ourselves against future heartache and don't put in the hard emotional labor needed to build a strong relationship. Of course, this is complicated by realities. The cost of housing and child-rearing creates pressure to have a stable income and career before a life partnership. Which of the following was NOT a constraint on one's choice of soulmate in the old days?()
A. The health condition of his or her grandmother.
B. The geographical environment.
C. The social convention.
D. The family tradition.