题目内容
All over the world men and women and boys and girls enjoy sports. Sports help people to live happily as well as keep fit. Today I'd like to say something about one of the most popular sports--jogging. The National Adult Physical Fitness Survey showed that 6.5 million adult Americans jog for exercise. The popularity of jogging has been heightened by medical claims of the benefits derived from regular participation in this activity. Regular jogging is credited with promoting a "training effect" that conditions the heart to do more work with less effort; increases the efficiency of the respiratory system by strengthening the muscles that assist breathing; increases blood volume in the body, thereby increasing the oxygen -carrying capacity of the circulatory system; promotes blood vessel flexibility; aids the digestive system; and helps to maintain proper body weight through the high calorie expenditure, It is reasonable to assume that the number of adult joggers will increase if this activity is properly taught and encouraged through school physical education programs. Children should be taught how to jog as well as to understand the benefits that result from regular jogging. It is recommended that motivational programs such as the National Varsity Club Sport Award be utilized to pro- vide added incentive for school jogging programs. In addition to learning the physiological effects of training noted above, students should be given the following information as guidelines for their personal jogging pro- grams.
When jogging, run in an upright position, avoiding the tendency to lean. Keep your back as straight as you can and still remain comfortable, and keep head up. Don' t look at your feet.
Hold arms slightly away from body, with elbows bent so that forearms are approximately parallel to the ground. Occasionally shaking and relaxing the arms and shoulders will help reduce the tightness that some- times develops while jogging. Periodically taking several deep breaths and blowing them out completely will also help you to relax.
It is best to land on the heel of the foot and rock forward so that you drive off the ball of the foot for your next step. ff this proves difficult, try a more flat - footed style. Jogging only on the balls of the feet, as in sprinting, will produce severe leg soreness.
Keep steps short, letting foot strike the ground beneath the knee instead of reaching to the front. Length of stride should vary with your rate of speed. Breathe deeply with mouth open. Do not hold breath. If for any reason you become unusually tired or uncomfortable, slow down, walk, or stop.
How many adult Americans jog for exercise according to The National Adult Physical Fitness Survey ？
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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some Would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的 ) or moral aspect of personality: It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con- science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it. refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms and psycho- sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group(movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic(36 years' development of sexual feelings), latancy (intermediate stage between phallic and be-ginning of puberty (青春期), and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism (自我陶醉)
Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud's concepts included a ______.
According to Freud's concepts, which aspect would MOST be looked upon as the "chief executive" or administrator-in-charge of the total personality, the rational and aware sell'？
How has Weihenmeyer climbed mountains？
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：Car Salesman: Oh. Hi there. A beauty, isn't she'？
Lady: Well...
Car Salesman: Do you want to take her a test ride？
Lady: Well . . . Urn. How old is it'？
Can- Salesman: Well, it's only three years old.
Lady: And what's the mileage？
Car Salesman: Uh, let me check. Oh yes. 75,000 miles.
Lady: 75,000 miles？ That' s quite a bit for a car that' s only three years old.
Car Salesman: Well, once you ' re in the driver' s seat, you' ll fall in love with her. Get in.
Lady: Ugh... Uh, I can't seem to get the door open.
[ Ah, it' s okay. ] It could be broken.
Car Salesman: Ah, just give her a little tap. Ugh. Now she' s opened. Lady: Great. A door I have to beat up to open.
Car Salesman: Hey. (Get in and start her up.
[ Lady tries to start the car... ]
Car Salesman: [Um] Well, it's probably the battery. I know she has enough gas in her, and I had our mechanic check her out just yesterday. Try it again.
Lady: Uh. It sounds a little rough to me. [Well . . .]
How much is this minivan anyway？
Car Salesman: Oh. It' s a real bargain today and tomorrow only at $ 15,775, plus you get the extended warranty covering defects, wear, and tear beyond the normal maintenance on the vehicle for an extra $ 500 for the next 30,000 miles.
[ Oh . . . ] with a few minor exclusions.
Lady: Like... ？
Car Salesman: Well, I mean, it covers everything except for the battery, and light bulbs, and brake drums, exhaust system trim and moldings, upholstery and carpet, paint, fires… Well, a short list, you know.
Lady: Uh. Well, almost $16,000 is a little out of my price range, plus the seats covers are tom a little.
Car Salesman: Well, hey, I might be able to talk the manager into lowering the price another two hundred dollars, but that' s about all.
Lady: No thanks. I think I'll just keep looking.
How old is the minivan the Lady is looking at？
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