题目内容
Inthe3Rprinciples,refinementandreduction(2Rs)areindependentofeachother;henceunderstandingoftheirinterplayiscrucial.
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Animalwelfare,oravoidanceofpain,sufferinganddistress,isalwayslessimportantthanthenumberofanimalsexposed.
In animal study, the refinement dimension is more straightforward, the lower the refinement value, the better.
Whenever replacement alternatives cannot be used, as is often the case, the application of the other two alternatives (2Rs) is still necessary and, they are key elements in ethical evaluation.
Scientists are concerned with standardization of all factors that may impact on experimental results e.g. a recent Council of Europe expert group emphasized the need for environmental enrichment for all species unless there were scientific or welfare reasons not to do so.
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