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Efficacy (explanatory) trials test the efficacy of a treatment (or an intervention) among highly selected participants and under controlled conditions.
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Effectiveness (pragmatic) trials test the efficacy of a treatment (or an intervention) under real conditions among participants who are highly selected and provides useful information about the practice.
Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational and involves human beings as research subjects.
Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens, epidemiological, and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies.
A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the "clinical trial", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated (clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy).
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