题目内容
In the 1350s poor countrymen began to have cottages and gardens which they could call their own. Were these fourteenth-century peasants,then,the originators of the cottage garden？ Not really:the making and planting of small mixed gardens had been pioneered by others,and the cottager had at least two good examples which he could follow. His garden plants might and to some extent did come from the surrounding countryside,but a great many came from the monastery gardens. As to the general plan of the small garden,in so far as it had one at all,that had its origin not in the country,but in the town. The first gardens to be developed and planted by the owners or tenants of small houses town cottages as it were,were almost certainly those of the suburbs of the free cities of Italy and Germany in the early Middle Ages. Thus the suburban garden,far from being a descendant of the country cottage garden, is its ancestor,and older,in all probability,by about two centuries. On the face of it a paradox,in fact this is really logical enough:it was in such towns that there first emerged a class of man who was free and who,without being rich,owned his own small houses craftsman or tradesman protected by his guild from the great barons,and from the petty ones too. Moreover.it was in the towns,rather than in the country, where the countryside provided herbs and even wild vegetables,that men needed to cultivate pot-herbs and salads. It was also in the towns that there existed a demand for market-garden produce. London lagged well behind the Italian,Flemish,German and French free cities in this bourgeois progress towards the freedom of having a garden;yet,as early as the thirteenth century,well before the Black Death,Fitz Steven,biographer of Thomas a Becket, was writing that,in London: "On all sides outside the house of the citizens who dwell in the suburbs there are adjoining gardens planted with trees, both spacious and pleasing to the sight". Then there is the monastery garden,quoted often as a "source" of the cottage garden in innumerable histories of gardening. The gardens of the great religious establishments of the eighth and ninth centuries had two origins:St. Augustine,copying the Greek academe did his teaching in a small garden presented to him for that purpose by a rich friend:thus the idea of a garden-school,which began among the Greek philosopher-teachers,was carried on by the Christian church. In the second place,since one of the charities undertaken by most religious orders was that of healing,monasteries and nunneries needed a garden of medicinal herbs. Such physic gardens were soon supplemented by vegetable,salad and fruit gardens in those monasteries which enjoined upon their members the duty of raising their own food,or at least a part of it. They tended next to develop,willy-nilly into flower gardens simply because many of the herbaceous plants grown for medicinal purposes,or for their fragrance as strewing herbs,had pretty flowers— for example,violets,marjoram,pinks,primroses,madonna lilies and roses. In due course these flowers came to be grown for their own sakes,especially since some of them. Lilies and roses notably,had a ritual or religious significance of their own. The madonna lily had been Aphrodites symbolic flower.it became Marys;yet its first association with horticulture was economic;a salve or ointment was made from the bulb. Much earlier than is commonly realized,certain monastic gardeners were making remarkable progress in scientific horticulture—for example,in forcing flowers and fruit out of season in cloister and courtyard gardens used as conservatories—which had lessons to teach cottagers as well as castle-dwellers.
Small city gardens were first established in certain Italian and German cities_____.
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This years poster animal,by all odds,is the northern spotted owl. In attaining star status,the bird offers a glimpse into the reasons human selects one species over another for survival. Facing possible extinction,the northern spotted owl gained partial protection when the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently listed it as No. 599 on the endangered species list of animals and plants. Experts say there are between five and 100 million animal and plant species on Earth,of which only two percent have been inventoried. One to three species disappear every day,according to the Nature Conservancy. At this rate,why all the hype about one spotted owl？ "People respond to larger animals that we see or are part of our experience,like owl," say Daniel Taylor,a National Audubon Society biologist. "People know owls. People may not know spotted owls,but owls occupy an important place in our cultural psyche. " In a media age,conservationists have grown savvy about choosing simple and endearing symbols. Known as flagship species,symbols like the spotted owl tend to be things that are large,things that are cute and cuddly,according to John Cart,research biologist at Conservation International at Washington D. C. "Large vertebrates are important to us as a society than small vertebrates," says Daniel Taylor. He says that this fact reflects our preoccupation with the animals we eat or that eat us,or used to. Size is also a factor,because a species has to be seen to be saved. Strategically,Cart says,size is key because the larger the species protected,the larger its range is,and thus,the larger the habitat to protect it. Making the cover of Time magazine and garnering plenty of media attention,the northern spotted owl has also saved a flock of equally endangered, but less endearing species that share its forest habitat. Media images of the handsome spotted owl spurred a national audience into sympathizing with the rare bird. Often the more human traits an animal appears to have,the stronger its candidacy for stardom. A recent tuna commercial likened a dolphin group to a wholesome American family. Dolphins are seen as loyal, playful geniuses. Owls are,of course,wise. Other factors carry weight in piquing a public response. "We seem to have a fascination with black and white,"says Bill Konstant,executive director of Wildlife Preservation Trust International,pointing to the popular panda and killer whale. Ultimately,the most important thing for many conservationists is creating a new kind of symbiosis,using spotted owls and their attractive ilk to save a broader range of living things. When we save the spotted owl,what we are really doing is to preserve biological diversity.
The main idea of this article is that____.
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