题目内容

A In recent years Brussels has been a fine place to observe the irresistible rise of English as Europe's lingua franca. For native speakers of English who are lazy about learning languages (yes, they exist), Brussels has become an embarrassingly easy place to work or visit. English is increasingly audible and visible in this scruffily charming Belgian city, and frankly rampant in the concrete-and-glass European quarter. Now, however, signs of a backlash are building. This is not based on sentiment, but on chewy points of economic efficiency and political fairness. And in a neat coincidence, Brussels is again a good place to watch the backlash develop. Start in the European district, where to the sound of much grinding of French and German teeth, the expansion of the European Union has left English not just edging ahead of the two other working languages, but in a position of utter dominance. The union now boasts 27 members and 23 official languages, but the result has been the opposite of a new tower of Babel. Only grand meetings boast interpreters. At lower levels, it turns out, when you put officials from Berlin, Bratislava, Bucharest and Budapest in the same room, English is by far the easiest option.
B Is this good for Europe？ It feels efficient, but being a native English-speaker also seems to many to confer an unfair advantage. It is far easier to argue a point in your mother tongue. It is also hard work for even the best non-native speakers to understand other non-native versions of English, whereas it is no great strain for the British or Irish to decipher the various accents. Francois Grin, a Swiss economist, argues that Britain enjoys hidden transfers from its neighbours worth billions of euros a year, thanks to the English language. He offers several reasons, starting with spending in Britain on language teaching in schools, which is proportionately lower than in France or Switzerland, say. To add insult to injury, Britain profits from teaching English to foreigners. "Elevating one language to a position of dominance is tantamount to giving a huge handout to the country or countries that use it as a native language," he insists.
C What about the Europe outside the bubble of EU politics？ Surely the rise of English as a universal second language is good for business？ Perhaps, but even here a backlash is starting, led by linguists with close ties to European institutions and governments. They argue that the rush to learn English can sometimes hurt business by making it harder to find any staff who are willing to master less glamorous European languages. English is all very well for globe-spanning deals, suggests Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, a Belgian academic and adviser on language policy to the European Commission. But across much of the continent, firms do the bulk of their business with their neighbours. Dutch firms need delivery drivers who can speak German to customers, and vice versa. Belgium itself is a country divided between people who speak Dutch (Flemish) and French. A local plumber needs both to find the cheapest suppliers, or to land jobs in nearby France and the Netherlands.
D "English, in effect, blocks the learning of other languages," claims Mr Baetens Beardsmore. Just as the global rise of English makes life easy for idle Britons or Americans, it breeds complacency among those with English as their second language. "People say, 'well, I speak English and I have no need to learn another language.'" He cites research by the European Commission suggesting that this risk can be avoided if school pupils are taught English as a third tongue after something else. A huge government-financed survey of Brussels businesses reveals a dire shortage of candidates who can speak the right local languages (40% of firms have reported losing contracts because of a lack of languages). One result is a very odd labour market. By day, Brussels is more or less bilingual, hostin

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Nowadays Internet is revolutionizing our globe and greatly facilitating our modern life. As a matter of fact, we can do almost everything on the Net, including shopping. However, people take different attitudes towards the new way of shopping. What do you think of it？
Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Shopping on the Net
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.

1 When Tegla Loroupe returned home to Kenya from winning the New York City Marathon in 1994, she was presented with nine cattle, 16 sheep and some land by the grateful people of her hometown. But it was the words of the ordinary womenfolk which Loroupe valued the most. "You did a good job," they told her. "You showed us that women can be successful just like men. We are not useless"
2 In a country where most people think women are supposed to stay home and care for the kids, Loroupe, s victory meant a lot. It was the first time a black African woman had ever won a major marathon, and the triumph provided her independence, both financially and culturally. It also gave her the opportunity to stand up for herself and her Kenyan sisters
3 Male athletes have made Kenya synonymous with success in long-distance running, but women are discouraged from competing beyond the age of 16, when they are expected to start a family. Most people think that if a woman goes out of the dountry, she will be spoiled, that she will learn more than the others, and that when they tell her to do something, she will say no. Due to this situation, Kenyan male runners have gained international success, while the female runners have been left at home
4 The Kenyans' success in distance running began at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, where Kep Keino captured the gold in the 1,500-meters. The domination by Kenyan men across all distance running, from road races to cross-country, stems from youngsters running many miles to school each day, a nutritious diet, the benefits of living at high altitude and having no diversions from other sports
5 Loroupe, now 25, recalls her early running days and the discouragement she received from others. When she ran to school, the men in her tribe would tell her she was
wasting her time. "They didn't want me to do sports," she said. But Loroupe, from a town called Kapenguria on the Ugandan border, about 400 miles from Nairobi, began running for the same reason most of the men did 一 to avoid being late for school. "If you were late, they beat you," she said
6 One of seven children, Loroupe, s was a traditional family, and her parents took a
long time to be convinced that she was not wasting her life. They wanted their daughter to give up the i dea of finishing school so she could stay at home and look after her younger siblings. But she insisted on going and continuing to run even though, as a child, she developed problems with her lungs
7 Loroupe' a family is a member of the Bokot tribe, nomads who once drove their cattle across the plains of Kenya. Now they graze them on ranches like the one Loroupe grew up on. As a child, Loroupe used to chase the family's cattle herd for up to 12 miles, and looking back on it now, she says it was great training. The more she ran however, the more distance Loroupe put between herself and the expectations of her society. And having been overlooked four times by the Kenya Amateur Athletics Association for major championships both nationally and internationally, she eventually had to travel abroad for opportunities. It was in Germany that Anne Roberts, the elite-athlete coordinator of the New York City Marathon, first discovered Loroupe, s huge talent
8 The launching pad for her success began in 1994 when Roberts invited Loroupe to take part in the New York City Marathon. Winning it gave her the determination and courage to pursue her dreams, despite the problems back home. Roberts has marvelled at Loroupe,5determination to succeed, and the obstacles she has overcome. "I think she has a very strong sense of what' s fair and what isn ' t," she said. "When you' re running everywhere, to school, to get the cows in, all over the thousand acres of farm, and yQu, re running with your brothers and you're beating them" . she fought long and hard to get out of the country to compete"
9 Her victories m New York and Rotterdam have smoothed wrink!ed relationships back home. In April 1997, Loroupe won the New York Central Park City Marathon. in October of the same year, she won the World Half Marathon in Slovakia, setting a world championship record of 1 hour, 8 minutes and 14 seconds. Although Loroupe developed a knee injury from over use during the fall of 1997, she recovered, and in April 1998 she set a world record of 2 hours, 20 minutes, 47 seconds in the Women's Marathon in Rotterdam. Now many people expect Loroupe to go further and become the first woman to run under 2:20:00 一 a barrier only broken by a male marathon runner in 1953, when Britain Jim Peters clocked 2,18,40. These world records and her promising future have changed the attitudes of Kenyan people
10 Loroupe now lives in Germany where she shares a house with Tanzanian and Ethiopian male runners, as well as other Kenyans. These days Loroupe is showing confidence about her career in running, but is taking it step by step. She trains 100 miles per week, while many of her rivals log 180 miles. At 25 years of age, she realizes that she is still young and inexperienced, and knows there is plenty of time. As a Kenyan woman, she knows the meaning of the words patience and strength, especially patience
Questions 1-10 Directions:
Read Passage 1 and find which the underlined woid (s) in each of the follow 吨 sentences refer 恤
1. When Tegla Loroupe returned home to Kenya from winning the New York City
Marathon in 1994, she was presented with nine cattle, 16 sheep and some tand by the
grateful people of her hometown. (paragraph 1)
2. "You did a good job," they told her. (paragraph 1)
3. it also gave her the opportunity to stand up for herself and her Kenyan sisters
(paragraph 2)
4. Most people think that if a woman goes out of the country, 业 will be spoiled,.
(paragraph 3)
5. "They didn't want me to do sports," she said. (paragraph 5)
6. Now they graze them on ranches like the one Loroupe grew up on. (paragraph 7)
7. As a child, Loroupe used to chase the family's cattle herd for up to 12 miles, and
looking back on it now, she says it was great training. (paragraph 7)
8. Winning 丝 gave her the determination and courage to pursue her dreams, despite the
problems back home. (paragraph 8)
9. '1 think she has a very strong sense of what' s fair and what isn' t," she said
(paragraph 8)
10. These days Loroupe is showing confidence about her career in running, but is taking it step by step. (paragraph 10)

高炉常压冷却水的进水温度（)℃，悬浮物＜（)毫克暂时硬度（)德国度。