Traditional notional grammar is a bottom-up approach,()
Affixation changes the grammatical class of the word.()
Instructors of intercultural communication believe that the process of communication under conditions of cultural differences can be analyzed and the knowledge about the process of IC and related skills can be taught.()
Substitution refers to the replacement of one item by another in the text and is concerned with the way substitutions realise the grammatical cohesion in the text.()