题目内容
听力原文： In the United States almost everyone chews gum, and more than $140 million worth of chewing gum is sold each year. This means that, on the average, each person in the United States spends one dollar a year for chewing gum.
Chewing gum became popular in the United States mainly because of one man, William Wrigley, who was head of the Wrigley Company for many years.
In 1870 Thomas Adams began to experiment with chewing gum. It was he who first made gum soft and pleasant enough to chew. But it was not until Wrigley entered the business in about 1890 that people everywhere began to learn about chewing gum and to use it widely.
Wrigley enjoyed doing things in a big way. In his first year he borrowed money and spent more than a million dollars on advertising. On every streetcar in the United States, for years and years, there was a large advertisement telling all about Wrigley's chewing gum. People complained that wherever they went they would see the name of Wrigley. Several times Wrigley sent free-of-charge pieces of gum to every person in the telephone book of every city and town in the United States. Finally, he began to advertise that it was good for the health to chew gum. His painstaking work in advertising finally brought him huge profits.
Who was the inventor of chewing gum？
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Let us consider what science and technology have to contribute to the food problem.
The simplest way to increase food production, one might suppose, is to bring more land 【C1】______ cultivation and put more people to work on it. Some of the underdeveloped countries have resorted to this 【C2】______ approach, without notable success. It contains several fallacies. For one thing, it usually means 【C3】______ into marginal lands where the soil and climatic conditions give a poor 【C4】______ . Cultivation may quickly deplete this soil,【C5】______ it for pasture or forest growth. It is often possible, of course, to turn such lands into useful farms by agricultural 【C6】______ ; for instance, a sophisticated knowledge of how to use the available water【C7】______ an irrigation system may reclaim semi-arid grasslands for crop-growing. But the cultivation of marginal lands i6 in any case unsuccessful【C8】______ it is carried out by farmers with a centuries - old tradition of experience or by modern ex pelts with a detailed knowledge of the【C9】______ conditions and the varieties of crops that are suitable for those conditions. Such knowledge is【C10】______ absent in the underdeveloped countries.
【C11】______ , we know that highly developed countries have not increased the【C12】______ of acres under cultivation, 【C13】______ on the contrary have 【C14】______ their marginal lands and steadily reduced the proportion of the population engaged in farming. Efficient farming【C15】______ concentration on the most efficient lands, and it results in greater production with【C16】______ people. The problem of the underdeveloped countries, then is to increase the【C17】______ of their farms and farmers. This would allow them to industrialize and to feed their people more adequately. It is not easy to【C18】______ , how ever. The farmers are conservative and resistant to change【C19】______ their methods of cultivation. The underdeveloped countries are greatly in need of studies and experiments to help them to【C20】______ modern agricultural methods to their own conditions.
【C1】
Someone once marked that the British and the Americans are two peoples separated by the same language. Most epigrams exaggerate for effect, and this one is no exception. But it is, nevertheless, undeniably true that some commonly used words mean different things in these two countries. Consider the seemingly simple term--"the government".
To parliamentarians trained in British terminology "the government" means the cabinet: a group of the legislature's own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislature's major activities, and to exercise executive powers. In theory, at least, the government continues in office only so long as it commands the support of the legislature. Losing that support, it may be turned out of power at almost any moment.
When Americans say "the government", they mean some thing quite different: It connotes the whole governmental structure-- executive, legislative and judicial. Americans assume a situation in which the branches of government are deliberately separated and in which the powers of each check and balance those of the other.
Another difference between the U. S. and parliamentary systems concerns the concept of "political party". In the British tradition, a political party connotes a group relatively cohesive in ideology and disciplined in action. Playwright William S. Gilbert's satirical line that remembers of parliament "vote just as their leaders tell 'em to" is not as accurate as it once was, but it is still close enough to the mark.
In contrast, the two major U. S. political parties are vast, sprawling, decentralized conglomerations of varied ideological positions whose members do not feel obliged to vote the way the party leaders tell them to do. In fact, most members come to Congress as independent entrepreneurs, willing to go along with party policy only to the extent that it does not conflict with what they perceive to be the wishes and interests of their constituencies.
The main ideas of the passage is that ______.
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