题目内容
The term "attachment" and "bonding" are often usedinterchangeably, even though they had similar implications. 1 However, they have quite distinctive meanings. Bonding actuallyrefers to the parent"s ties to the infant and thought to occur in the 2 first hours or days of life. Attachment, in contrast, refers to therelationship between infants and primary caregivers, who develops 3 gradually. Parent to infant bonding has been argued to occurquite suddenly, especially upon first contact with the infantimmediately after birth. There is no so implication in the term 4 attachment. As with any vital relationship there can be no instantattachment. Rather, the infant-caregiver relationship builds over time.It evolves through a series of characteristic phases, with each phase 5 drawing on the one before. In fact, newborn infants are not yet capableof attachment, since they have few ability to distinguish one person 6 than another and no concept of a permanent object. Because 7 attachment refers to a relationship and not simply an experience,it is appropriate to say that an attachment relationship has formed 8 until the second half year. Even then the relationship is not fullyformed or fixed. It continues to evolve toward John Bowlby called 9 a "partnership" during the preschool years and to be elaboratedthereafter, From the bonding perspective there are critical momentsjust following birth when the parental, tie must be formed. Whetherfor mother or father, such experiences are thought to cement theconnection with the infant. Following such an opportunity, a permanentbond will be formed, without such an opportunity the possibility ofever forming a bond is called into a question. For better or worse the 10 relationship is fixed and the child"s well-being is thought to hinge upon this.
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"I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense." Virginia Woolf"s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs Valloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditionally picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirical and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics" cavalier dismissal of Woolies social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped ( or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people"s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people"s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.Woolf"s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satirical or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their social and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer"s Diarynotes: "the only honest people are the artists," whereas "these social reformers under the disguise of loving their kind...") Woolf detested what she called "preaching" in fiction, too and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.Woolf"s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for reader"s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating beating witness: here is the satirist"s art.Woolf"s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore." Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch—a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.Questions: Why have few people recognized Woolf"s focus on society in her literary works
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