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The brain wave will be slower in the first stage than it is in the second stage.
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MEMORANDUM
From: Joanne Garza
Sent: Friday, September 15, 20—
To: All Employees
Subject: Company News - Flu Vaccinations
The details for the company-sponsored flu vaccinations have been (150). The shots will be (151) on Thursday, October 12th, from 12:30 to 4:30 p.m., in the Baylor Conference Room.
The cost is $25.00. Each employee receiving the inoculation (152) to fill out an "Informed Consent" authorization form. Without the form. you will not receive your shot. Forms and detailed information can be found on the Safety & Security page of the company Web site, under Documents: Influenza Vaccinations.
Please contact John Jacoby at extension 5038 to sign up or if you have any questions.
(50)
There are some differences, of Course. The genetic code has four elements (known as bases or letters), while a computer's binary code has only two. And the bases of genetic code are grouped together in threes rather than in the eight-bit bytes of computing. But the similarities are so striking that biology is suddenly undergoing a serious amount of computerization. At the same time, there has been rapid progress in the machines that supply the raw material for the computer - the sequences of genetic bases to be analyzed. A single gene-sequencing machine can now read hundreds of thousands of bases per day; and newer technologies, such as "gene chips", should produce even more data to be stored and annotated for subsequent study.
The result is a mind-boggling amount of information. A genetics laboratory can easily produce 100 gigabytes of data a day--that is about 20,000 times the volume of data in the complete works of Shakespeare or J. S. Bach. The analysis of such data poses problems beyond mere volume control. Computer programs must analyze what constitutes a biologically meaningful relationship between a newly discovered sequence of DNA and existing sequences stored in a central database. Programming a computer for such tasks requires both extensive knowledge of computing theory and a keen biological intuition.
And there's the rub. The real problem about the growing quantification of biology is not the change in the subject but the lack of change in its practitioners. For a sudden in pouring of data is not unique to biology .Astronomers must now deal with squillions of bits of data from automatic sky surveys; particle physicists would not have the first idea of what was going on in their machines if the results of their experiments were not processed automatically. Yet neither of these fields seems to be suffering unduly from information overload because the physical sciences are founded on number crunching. Many biologists, however, avoided the fields of astronomy or particle physics because they have, in the delicately chosen words of Sylvia Spengler of the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics in California, "some problem with mathematics." The result is that there is a desperate shortage of specialists capable of developing the tools that biologists need. What is required is genuinely new kind of scientist who is trained both in computer science and biology. It used to be said that the physicists got all the research money. Now, however, it is the biologists' budgets that are growing. But there is a price. As biology becomes numerically rigorous, its practitioners have no choice but to do the same.
According to the author, what is the central problem facing biological researchers today？
Rivers are nourished by direct precipitation, which usually contributes extremely small to
M: Hmmm, interesting. Actually, I could never understand modern art. It's so abstract.
W: I happen to know a little bit about this type of art. The artists were motivated by the ideas of that time. Their works reflected how they made sense of the society around them.
M: Please tell me about the one on the wall. I don't understand it at all. It looks like a bunch of splashes of paint to me.
W: Actually, it is, and that's exactly what this particular artist intended to do. He placed the canvas on his studio floor and poured paint on it very quickly.
M: (Chuckling) I could have told you that] But why would he do that？
W: In the fifties, many artists were interested in psychological theories. They believed that most paintings were directed by the conscious mind, and they wanted to avoid that. By painting with accelerated speeds, they hoped to use the unconscious mind. By painting quickly, they felt that they were forcing their unconscious minds to make instant, intuitive decisions about the color. They believed that logical, deliberate decisions would interfere with the free flow of images and ideas. These artists believed that their work was more honest using this method and they believed that honest work was most important.
M: Thank you for telling me this. I always wondered why they painted this way. Modern art makes a lot more sense to me when I know the ideas behind it.
(23)
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