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Ways to Reduce Exposure to Air Pollution 1. A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power plant disaster. The report was published by the UK’s Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution Quite a lot, it turns out. 2. Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source—exhaust fumes (废气). Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward (顶风的) side of the street where exposure of pollutants (污染物) can be 50 percent less than on the downwind (顺风的) side. 3. Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker (双层电车) can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic (有毒的) than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles (粒子) thrown up by wheels hitting the rails, while diesel (柴油机) and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants. 4. When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb (路缘) while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly. 5. There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants. A. Where you stand while waiting to cross B. Where you walk C. Where you sit on a bus D. When you go to bed E. When pollution levels rise F. When you get up Paragraph 2 ______
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Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people. Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tearsl. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach2, the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach3. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa. Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives. People who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers.
UFOs Sixty years ago, a man named Kenneth Arnold saw something that we can still 1 today something that changed popular culture for ever. Flying his plane over mountains in the US state of Washington, he saw a line of strange objects, either crescent-shaped (月牙形的) or disc-like, flying 2 the motion of a saucer (碟) skimming (飞速掠过) on water. The media soon picked up on the story—the Flying Saucers were here! Was the earth being 3 by creatures from another planet Soon, So many sightings were made that the US military began to 4 . It called these strange Objects UFOs—Unidentified Flying Objects, and that is how they are 5 today. Military investigations found no evidence of visitors from outer space. But that did not stop the true 6 . The military were 7 up, they said. Or maybe it was because the travelers from space were of such superior intelligence 8 they could hide from military analysts (分析家). People have always seen strange lights in the sky. In the past these were explained in 9 ways. In a world where religion was less influential and science fiction was popular, signs from God were replaced by visitors from other 10 . The date of the first UFO sightings was also significant. In 1947, World War Ⅱ had just ended and the 11 War was just beginning. Humanity seemed locked in endless conflicts. Like generations before them, people looked 12 the skies for help. But instead of seeking God, they looked for help from super-intelligent aliens (外星人) with 13 technology. Belief in UFOs became the first religion of science. However, even people who believe in UFOs are not quite sure why they visit the earth. The universe is a big place and it is 14 to assume that there is life somewhere out there. It is possible that aliens have worked out how to travel through space. Yet some people report that they have been taken by aliens and have had experiments 15 on them. Why would anyone travel across half the universe to conduct medical experiments on people living in small towns in the United States
Wayne Beno Wayne Beno was a true outdoorsman. Fishing, boating, hunting, walking through the woods with his three dogs, Wayne loved and did it all. Then life changed dramatically. Wayne was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (帕金森氏病). "For the next thirteen years I took 28 pills a day, had horrible side effects, and even with all those pills I still had lots of shaking and tremors (颤抖). I only went out during peak times, when I was looking and feeling my best. But that wasn’t often and I really couldn’t do much of anything. I felt like the life I loved was over," said Wayne. Then Wayne’s doctor in Green Bay suggested he consider a breakthrough surgical option being offered at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin called Deep Brain Stimulation (刺激) (DBS). DBS is a surgical option used to treat disabling movement disorders related to Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and more. It is not a cure, but significant improvement is seen in most movement disorder cases, with relatively low risk to the patient. In addition to his doctor’s recommendation, Wayne had a neighbor and fishing friend who had the DBS procedure at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin. His friend’s experience convinced Wayne that the 180-mile trip from his home in Crivitz, Wisconsin could be well worth the effort. And was it ever. "It was the best thing I ever did. I’m down to zero pills a day and I don’t shake at all," reports Wayne. "Before the surgery, I felt bad every single day. Now I feel like my old self. I’m back to business as usual, which for me means fishing, fishing, and more fishing, every day of the year. Things just couldn’t be any better!" Deep Brain Stimulation is most effective for ______.
Physical Exercise Declaring that physical exercise is one of the most powerful medicines to help improve our quality of life is not an exaggeration. The World Health Organization expressed the same view in its 2002 World Health Report, emphasizing that the damage produced by lack of physical activity was equal to the strong probability of serious illness such as heart disease and even some kinds of cancer. Those who have embraced an active lifestyle for years are familiar with the sort of physical and psychological benefits that come from exercise. Nevertheless a lot of people would never think of physical activity as a way of feeling better, simply because they don’t think they are in need of it, or because they are lazy or maintain that they haven’t got enough time. There are many positive effects that result from physical exercise and they are not only concerned with the physical aspects but also psychological and social ones. Beginning with the physical benefits, physical activity improves the life of the heart, burns off fat, lowers high blood pressure, makes tissues more resistant, and increases muscle flexibility and joint mobility. On a psychological level, physical activity helps reduce anxiety and stress by causing tension to disappear and by encouraging us to have a better sense of ourselves through listening to our bodies during movement. Lastly, seeing ourselves in better health is advantageous socially. The sense of satisfaction thus obtained will result in an increase of self-respect and self-confidence in terms of our ability to interact with others. The benefits linked to exercise have also not gone unnoticed in the business world, with more and more companies setting up gyms on-site. Employees’ improved health translates into better performance and reduced costs as well as an increase in people’s satisfaction in the work place. Physical activity is recommended for all age groups, including children. It is an important growth factor in a child’s education. And for the elderly There is no doubt that regular physical activity allows greater efficiency in daily life as well as creating more basic independence day by day, including the possibility of keeping in touch with others and not feeling isolated. Many people do not engage in physical exercise mainly because ______.
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