The spot rate on the New Zealand dollar （NZD） is NZD/USD 1.4286, and the 180-day forward rate is NZD/USD 1.3889. This difference means:
A. Interest rates are lower in the United States than in New Zealand.
B. Interest rates are higher in the United States than in New Zealand.
C. The NZD is expected to depreciate,and the USD is expected to appreciate.
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A central bank conducts monetary policy primarily by altering the:
A. Policy rate.
B. Inflation rate.
C. long-term interest rate.
A stronger domestic currency relative to foreign currencies is most likely to result in a:
A. Shift in the aggregate supply curve toward lower supply.
B. Shift in the aggregate demand curve toward lower demand.
C. Movement along the aggregate demand curve towards higher prices.
The consumer price index for services is classified as a:
A. Lagging indicator.
B. Leading indicator.
Coincident indicator.
The GDP deflator is calculated as 100 times the ratio of:
A. Nominal GDP to real GDP.
Base year prices to current year prices.
Current year nominal GDP to base year nominal GDP.
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