Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Problems in youth sportsA. Can participating in competitive sports at too young an age have a negative effect on our children and their future in sports? Starting ages for youth in competitive sports have lowered dramatically in the past two decades. Andrew Ferguson, an American journalist and author, estimated that 40 million children were involved in competitive sports. It's not just the number that is staggering, but the manner in which kids are playing. Children who get involved in organized competitive sports at a young age may find themselves tired of the game they once loved. Young athletes are becoming increasingly stressed because of the pressure they are getting from their parents and coaches. They are traveling further, playing more games, and spending less time just being kids.B. Children in today's era find themselves with a variety of competitive sports to choose from at earlier ages. The Amateur Athletic Union boys and girls start to play basketball, baseball, softball, soccer, football, volleyball as young as nine, while Little League Baseball and Softball can start as early as five. The American Youth Soccer Organization has kids competing at the age of four. While winning may not be the focus of these leagues it can be the focus of the parents.C.When considering sports participation one should take into account the developmental age as well as the chronological (实龄的) age of a child before competing. Paulo David, author ofHuman Rights in Youth Sport: A Critical Review of Children's Rights in Competitive Sports, found that children don't always understand the concept of competition until age of six or seven. Children under nine may be incapable of differentiating between the concept of effort and that of ability. This means that they believe winning is achieved by how hard they tried and that losing means they did not try hard enough.D.Sports knowledge development in children at a young age is essential. In the primary grades children should be taught the rules and structures of games. Training for these children should be informal and playful in nature, with little or no emphasis on wins or losses which can often lead to emotional distress and long-term refusal to be involved in competitive sports. Sports should be designed to improve a child's self-concept in the early years.E. In the bookWhy Johnny Hates Sports, the author Fred Engh states that if kids are competitive at early ages, then they may not be trained in how to fail. If all the focus is on winning, kids may be scared to fail and make mistakes. Mistakes are part of the learning process and they are how one improves. Failures can result in success, if we are teaching kids to learn from mistakes. If kids are never allowed to fail and are yelled at, pulled out every time they do something wrong, then we are training them to be afraid to shoot or try. They are not going to want the ball for fear of making a mistake and being taken out or humiliated in front of their peers. Allowing children to try and fail diminishes their fear of their parents, coaches, peers, and of humiliation because they are encouraged to try.F. Too much competition too early may cause burnout (精疲力竭). The term "burnout" is a relatively new term with children in competitive sports. Burnout can be defined as "the athlete's natural response to chronic, ongoing stress". By age 13 burnout begins to manifest and children start quitting their given sports. Burnout in kids' sports can be caused by a "play at all costs" attitude by the parents and coaches, by overtraining and excessive travel.G. The problem starts when the sport becomes more like a job than play. These coaches and parents believe that by playing all the time it will translate to winning and possible visibility and then scholarships. We believe that parents no doubt want what is best for their kids. But with this win and play at all costs, there is mounting evidence that parents are cheating to give their kids an edge. They even lie about their children's age to gain an advantage and get more exposure. Parents are looking to prepare their children for Division I athletic scholarships or a professional career.H. To gain an advantage parents insist that their children practice and play year-round to insure they have the best skills necessary to compete. Training and traveling all year round takes its toll on children. One report noted that forced participation in competitive youth sports by parents can constitute a form of abuse by parents because they are taking the childhood from the children. They want their children to specialize.I. A study done by American Sports Data Inc. found that, in youth organized sports, 69 percent of all parents want their children to play only one sport. If the child is between six and eight years old, 79 percent of those parents want their children to play only one sport. Of all the sports organization in 2004, 44 percent of the children stated they only wanted to play one sport. To avoid burnout children should wait until high school before specializing in a sport. In the book by Joel Fish,101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent: Making Athletics a Positive Experience for Your Child, he explains that children are not even physically capable of handling competitive sports. Most young kids are not capable of handling vigorous practices or games that are required. If children don't specialize in sports at a young age, they will be better suited for learning how to develop a variety of motor and athletic skills that transfer from one sport to another, which can't be developed by specializing.1. Burnout begins to appear in children probably due to the hard push from parents and coaches, and the large amount of training and travel.2. Some sports leagues may not attach importance to winning, but the parents do.3. Sport training for kids should be basically relaxing and lively without too much emphasis laid on the results, otherwise children will get upset and refuse to take part.4. In the past 20 years, children started playing competitive sports at earlier ages.5. Children should be allowed to fail, or they will be afraid of making mistakes and thus won't make a try.6. Children interested in several sports are likely to acquire different sporting skills, which can't be obtained by those specializing in sports when very young.7. It is reported that children who are forced to participate in competitive youth sports by their parents suffer a form of abuse because they are deprived of their childhood.8. It is found that children under the age of six may neither understand the concept of competition nor distinguish between effort and ability.9. Playing all the time is believed by many coaches and parents to be a sure way to win games, attract attention and get scholarships.10. The increasing pressure, more games and less time for fun, makes children lose interest in the sports they once loved.