题目内容
The biggest danger facing the global airline industry is not the effects of terrorism, war, SARS and economic downturn. It is that these blows, which have helped ground 3 national flag-carriers and force two American airlines into bankruptcy, will divert attention from the inherent weaknesses of aviation, which they have exacerbated. As in the crisis that attended the first Gulf War, many airlines hope that traffic will soon bounce back, and a few catastrophic years will be followed by fuller planes, happier passengers and a return to profitability. Yet the industry's problems are deeper and older than the trauma of the past two years implies.
As the centenary of the first powered flight approached in December, the industry it launched is still remarkably primitive. The car industry, created not long after the Wright Brothers made history, is now a global industry dominated by a dozen firms, at least half of which make good profits. Yet commercial aviation consists of 267 international carders and another 500--plus domestic ones. The world's biggest carrier, American Airlines, has barely 7% of the global market, whereas the world's biggest carmaker, General Motors, has (with its associated firms) about a quarter of the world's automobile market.
Aviation has been incompletely deregulated, and in only two markets: America and Europe. Everywhere else deals between governments dictate who flies under what rules. These aims to preserve state-owned national flag-carriers, run for prestige rather than profit. And numerous restrictions on foreign ownership impede cross-border airline mergers.
In America, the big network carriers face barriers to exit, which have kept their route networks too large. Trade unions resisting job cuts and Congressmen opposing route closures in their territory conspire to block change. In Europe, liberalization is limited by bilateral deals that prevent, for instance, British Airways (BA) flying to America from Frankfurt or Paris, or Lufthansa offering transatlantic flights from London's Heathrow. To use the car industry analogy, it is as if only Renaults were allowed to drive on French motorways.
In airlines, the optimists are those who think that things are now so bad that the industry has no option but to evolve. Frederick Reid, president of Delta Air Lines, said earlier this year that events since the September 11th attacks are the equivalent of a meteor strike, changing the climate, creating a sort of nuclear winter and leading to a "compressed evolutionary cycle". So how, looking on the bright side, might the industry look after 5 years of accelerated development？
According to the author, the deeper problems of aviation industry ______.
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Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form. their own opinions on candidates for public offices, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special-interest groups, and opinion leaders.
Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar workers, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full-time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one's view of current events.
The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mall from the public tends to "follow the headlines". Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform. themselves and to express opinions.
The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of public issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today's elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his "fireside chats," presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs.
Special-interest groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens' organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare.
Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.
How many factors could shape public opinion, as mentioned in the text？
Which group of mice is the healthiest among the 3 groups after 3 years？
听力原文： One way that scientists can learn about man is by animals, such as mice, rats and monkeys. The scientists in this laboratory are experimenting on mice. They are studying the relationship between diet and health. At this time over 100 experiments are going on in this laboratory. In this experiment, the scientists are studying the relationship between the mount of food the mice eat and their health. The mice are in 3 groups. All the 3 groups are receiving the same healthy diet. But the amount of food that each group is receiving is different. The first group is eating I cup of food each day, the second is eating 2 cups, and the third group of mice is eating 3 cups. After 3 years, the healthiest group is the one that is only eating I cup of food each day. The mice in this group are thinner than normal mice. But they are more active. Also they are living longer. Mice usually live for 2 years. Most of the mice in this group are still alive after 3 years. The second group of mice is normal weight. They are healthy, too. They are active, but not as active as the thinner mice. But they are only living about 2 years. The last group of mice spend most of the day eating or sleeping. They are not very active. These mice are living longer than the scientists thought: about a year and a half. But they are not healthy. The experiment is still going on. The scientists hope to finish their studies in 2 years.
According to the passage, what animals are often used by scientists to learn about man？
Each company has many "publics" who should be able not only to recognize its name 【21】______ to correctly identify its industry and its 【22】______ . These publics include present customers and stockholders as well as banks, insurance companies, stockbrokers, and securities 【23】______ who supply the company with essential services and capital.
The 【24】______ names of many well-established companies can be one of misinformation, thereby 【25】______ communication with them. This was the problem that faced Michigan Seamless Tube Company—a company with sales of $128 million a year. At first 【26】______ ,the company's name tells us that it is located in Michigan 【27】______ that it manufactures seamless tubing. What the name does not 【28】______ to most people is the fact Michigan Seamless Tube also has operations in five 【29】______ states and has a varied production line of forgings, broaching machines, tools, and steel bars in addition to seamless tubing. The problem was 【30】______ by the company's 【31】______ , which operated. 【32】______ their own names and were not clearly identified with the 【33】______ company.
Customers, suppliers, and the financial community did not see Michigan Seamless Tube as a 【34】______ based metal producer. They perceived it only as a small, 【35】______ , regional manufacturing company. The company's 【36】______ decided to adopt a new corporate identity.
The 【37】______ point for this change was the company name. The new name had to be one that could encompass all of the company's products and subsidiaries, a name that would correctly project the image of a 【38】______ corporation. After considering many different possibilities, management decided on a 【39】______ word: Quanex—a name 【40】______ from a combination of the first three letters of the word "quality" and the first three letters of the Latin word "nex", which means connection.
【21】
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