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This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged.The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor' s judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer. "As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants, the physician, the hospital, the patient and the payer(generally an insurance carrier or government), the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physicians; the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/hospital and for the most part, the patient's plays a passive role. In routine or minor illness or just plain worries, the patient's options are of course, much greater with respect to use and price. But in illnesses that are of some significance, such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 N 80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective.
The author's primary purpose is______。
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A．The career of an air hostess.B．How to go air-traveling.C．The knowledge of an aircraf
Feedback【B1】that a machine can control its own【B2】. Watt's invention was the "governor",【B3】task was to keep the engine speed【B4】, detect an unnecessary or dangerous【B5】of engine power, and reduce it【B6】closing the steam valve.
No one would suggest that a machine with such a【B7】device can "think". Let's look at some modem electronic【B8】which is not as easily understandable【B9】that of Watt's "governor". The British scientist, Dr. Gray Walter, built two【B10】"tortoises" in the 50's. It was really difficult to believe that these animals were【B11】but assemblies of electronic components and batteries. They could "see" an electric light trod approach it; they could negotiate obstacles【B12】their path such as a book by going【B13】it; they were able to【B14】bumping into each other; and they ran back to their【B15】place when they felt "hungry", in other words, when their batteries were getting low.
They would even have "nervous break-down"; two lamps【B16】of one made them uncertain—which they should approach, and one could almost feel their agony of being unable to decide what to do,【B17】the little things move here and there【B18】their batteries needed recharging. The artificial tortoises or any other electronic devices have of course no brain with which to think. All they did is to【B19】the instructions we give them; this, however, they can do very well, under the【B20】of man.
【B1】
听力原文：W: Taxi! I'm going to the National Museum of Art. How long does it take to get there？
M: Well, it depends on the traffic, but shouldn't toke more than twenty minutes for the average driver. And I'm not average. So we should be able to cruise through traffic and get there in less than twelve minutes.
W: Oh. By the way, do you know what time the museum closes？
M: Around 6:00 o'clock.
W: Do you have the time？
M: Yeah. It's half past four. Hi, this is your first time to the city, right？
W: Yeah.How did you know？
M: Well, you can tell tourists from a mile away in this city because they walk down the street looking straight up at the tall buildings.
W: Was it that obvious？
M: Well...
W: Oh, before I forget, can you recommend any good restaurant downtown that offer meals at a reasonable price？
M: Umm...well, the Mexican restaurant, La Fajita, is fantastic. It's not as inexpensive as other places I know, but the decoration is very authentic, and theportions are larger than most places I've been to.
W: Sounds great! How do I get there from the museum？
M: Well, you can take the subway right outside the museum. There are buses that run that way, but you would have to transfer a couple of times. And there are taxis too, but they don't run by the museum that often.
M: Okay. Thank you so much.
(20)
听力原文： It takes more than good looks to be an air hostess. Brains will help but they are not the main thing. Neither is it personality, nor the skill alone. Rather it is a combination of these factors that makes the ideal air girl. And above all she must be willing to serve. This adds up to a pretty tall order, hence so few are chosen from the many who answer the requirement.
One newspaper advertisement inserted by Japan Air Lines recently attracted five hundred applicants. Only twenty were selected.
The hostess applicants must not be younger than twenty or older than twenty-eight. They must have a good secondary school education. They ought to be attractive, in good health, speak English and at least two other languages and they must be single.
If the girls do their job well, it is because of proper training. They learn to prepare and serve meals, and how to take care of children. They must know how to work out the price of a packet of cigarettes in three currencies; know how to pour coffee for four and not spill a drop. They must also know something about the theory of flying and the parts of an aircraft in detail.
Says an air hostess: "I love my job, of course, for I love traveling, playing golf and tennis. I swim, ride horses, row boats, cycle and roller skate. I love the air and the air-traveling business. It's simply exciting!"
(33)
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