题目内容
听力原文： Before the Indians had horses, they used a "surround hunt," or drive, to get game. The Hopi, for example, hunted antelope in this way. They chose a place partly fenced in by hills and with trees nearby. There they built a corral of strong trees trunks with one opening. From this, long wings let out, fenced with brush for some distances. Men stood along these wings to scare the antelope so that they would not try to leap the brush but would gallop down the open space into the corral. When a herd was nearby, the boys of the village were sent to round them up. They got behind the animals, and made a fire to frighten them. Then the boys closed in around them howling like wolves to make them run towards the corral. When the antelope had entered it, the opening was closed with brash. Good marksmen could then easily shoot them as they milled around.
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Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Three centuries ago the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could copy human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random same questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to differ the machine from the person by the answers.
Inspired by Turing's theory, the first conference on AI(人工智能) was held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards an AI laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation's leading Al supporters. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisps but by the early 1990s AI itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
Machinery can do better than humans physically. So can computers do mental functions in limited areas—notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform. roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms(运算法则). In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations at the same time. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some super-computers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
Critics of the approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic. It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluation experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some supports of AI have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
By the early 1990s, the closest m Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal workings of neurons (神经细胞) in the human brain context. Unlike the conventional silicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way a human brain cell works.
According to Turing, a computer can prove to have human-like intelligence in a special test if ______.
【B4】
A．Eskimos exaggerate their real needs.B．Eskimos are dependent on basic needs.C．Eskimos
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
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