题目内容
Why are so many people so afraid of failure？ Quite simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that, as the family therapist Virginia Satire observes, "every person has the right to fail."
Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child's hastily made table as "Perfect!" even though it moves unsteadily on uneven legs. An- other way is to shift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid.
When one of my daughters was ten, she decided to raise money for charity by holding a carnival. Proud of her, we hastily allowed her to put posters all over town. We realized too late that she couldn't possibly handle all the refreshments, shows, and games promised in the posters. The whole family pitched in to prevent embarrassing failure--and the next year she advertised an even more ambitious event. Why not？ We had kept her from discovering her limitations.
The trouble with failure-prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time--and that it's possible to enjoy a game even when you don't win. A child who's not invited to a birthday party, who doesn't make the honor roll of the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, "It doesn't matter, "because it does. The youngster should be allowed to experience disappointment-and then be helped to master it.
Failure is never pleasurable. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask" Why did I fail？ "Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don't be shy about inquiring.
When I was a teenager I failed to get a job, I'd counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why, "Because you came ten minutes late," I was told, "We can't afford employees who waste other people's time." The explanation was reassuring (I hadn't been rejected as a person) and helpful, too, I don't think I've been late for anything since.
Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems definitive can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction. After twelve years of studying ballet (a dance in which a story is told without speech or singing, a friend of mine came to a professional company (for a job). She was turned down, "Would further training help？ " she asked. The ballet master shook his head. "You will never be a dancer," he said. "You haven't the body for it. ' In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, "What have I left？ What else can I do？ 'My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she's both competent and useful.
Failure frees one to take risks because there's less to lose. Often there's a renewal of energy--an awareness of new possibilities.
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Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Increasingly, the development of tourism is seen to have an effect on the environment. Erosion is one problem. The steps and stones of major popular sites like Shakespeares birthplace or Stonehenge are literally being worn away by millions of foreign feet. The remedy in the case of Britain' s best known prehistoric monument has been to use railings to keep visitors at a distance. Such measures can hardly be adopted in the house of the Bard, however, where tourists want to enter the actual building.
Overcrowding in cities, towns and villages is another problem. Traffic jams are an outcome. In narrow roads, tourist vehicles cause congestion. Local traders and residents cannot get around to do their work. Car parks fill up, so strangers park their cars where they can: in streets, across gate ways, in lay-bys, or even in private driveways. This causes obstruction. The sheer weights of incomers can be a hazard. Thus Venice, a city built for half a million inhabitants, is swollen by another half million who populate the city daily in the tourist season eight million visits each year. The mayor recently decided to limit visitors to 90,000 a day: the only way to save the city from inundation.
Pollution is a further consequence. The' Lakes are popular for people who enjoy water-sports, such as water-skiing, power boat racing and swimming, but boats pump sewage directly into the water. Facilities can be provided to prevent this happening, but this is costly. There are also problems with litter.
The threat to wildlife habitats is yet another result. Tourists around the Lakes destroy vegetation. This is harmful to animals which build their nests along the shores, Wildlife refuges have been created which have helped protect these natural sites. On the Greek island of Zakinthos, the breeding beaches of the rare loggerhead turtle are being threatened by tourist disturbance. Local conservationists try to monitor and protect the turtles but they have been attacked by the angry owners of taverns and hotels who make lucrative profits from bars or renting sunbeds and umbrellas. Government compensation payments for the loss of business might be the answer, but this would be costly.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage？
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