题目内容
Task 1
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice.
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的)rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, ' says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark." But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance of creating too much anticipation for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an ex- ample of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ______.
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听力原文： When was the last time that you were able to make a long-distance call for free？ If you said "never", you probably have not been introduced to VOIP or Voice Over Internet Protocol. But, is this new technology as efficient as its counterpart, analog telephone service？ Since the demand for world-wide communication has grown, the internet has become the most popular way of communicating. Although Communication via e-mail seemed to be the cheapest way to do business with those overseas, it wasn't always the most effective. Verbal communication is the best way to build strong relationships and eventually," close the deal". When compared to analog phone service, VOIP is cheaper and has the same quality of service. Since VOIP uses a single network to transfer voice and data, the overall cost per call is cheaper to the service prodder than using two separate networks. When voice and data are transferred together on a single network, the service providers only need to build and maintain one network, thus hire less staff. These companies have also learned to manage both voice traffic and data applications correctly to reduce any sacrifice in quality. Although there is a monthly charge for the service, VOIP phones cost about the same as a regular business phone. With all of its benefits, VOIP should take the place of analog telephone service within a few years.
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