题目内容
The author implies that scientists who regard the notion of a final state of truth without
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Society is generally amenable to subsidizing science's expensive
machinery, which at some point will provide civilization with another advance
on the scale of relativity theory, but such heedless optimism can mislead one
Line into the notion that the aim of science is to find the "meaning" of the world.
(5) That there must be a meaning seems certain, for otherwise there could be no
such a thing as progress, but we must also acknowledge that as science keeps
uncovering more and more secrets, it progresses in the way that computations
in the infinitesimal calculus keep approaching nearer and nearer to infinity
without ever getting there, and we must not assume that progress should seek a
(10) final end to the quest for knowledge.
The amateur scientist Goethe, though vehemently and mistakenly opposed
to Newton's mechanistic model of reality, demonstrated the dangers of his
co/league's positivist approach, for though his science was bad science, his
scientific writings are not bad philosophy. Goethe demanded that science should
(15) always hold to the human scale, opposing the use of the microscope on the
grounds that what cannot be seen with the naked eye should not be seen, that
what is hidden from us is hidden for a purpose. In this, Goethe was a scandal
among scientists, whose first, firm, and necessary principle is that if something
can be done, it should he, and his furious denial of Newton was more than
(20) merely the bloodshot jealousy of one great mind drawing a bead on another.
Goethe's theory of light is wrong insofar as the science of optics is concerned,
yet in the expression of his theory Goethe achieves a pitch of poetic intensity
that is as persuasive, in its way, as anything Newton did: there is, Goethe
suggested, a world beyond the current state of science.
(25) At the end of the 19th century, before Einstein, professors were steering
students away from physics because they believed little was left undiscovered
about the nature of physical reality. As we approach the end of the 20th
century, we are still guilty of hubris: probably a Unified Field Theory will be
achieved, and will seem for a time, perhaps even as long as the period between
(30) Newton's Principia and Einstein's first paper on the theory of relativity, to
explain everything; but then a Heisenberg or a Gdel will come forward and
unravel the entire structure. Einstein correctly remarked more than once how
strange and suspicious it is that reality, as we know it, keeps proving itself
amenable to the rules of man-made science. Our thought extends only as far as
(35) our capacity to express it, and thus what we consider reality is only that stratum
of the world that we have the faculties to comprehend. There is a truth that
scientists not blinded by hubris, or a cramped imagination, have always
acknowledged: that there is no end to the venture.
The author discusses Goethe's theories in the second paragraph primarily to do which of the following？
It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the European conquest of America
What occurred during the four centuries of attempted European conquest in
the Americas merely extended the continuum of history into a new arena. The
successes of these new arrivals and their descendants, consistent with the
Line historical tendencies in human behavior, came at the expense of people whose
(5) kinship-based tribal system still operated on communitarian, if exclusive,
principles. Only the tribes of the southern hemisphere had become fully settled
and had entered into their own era of empire-building. Unfortunately, the
European people had achieved both technological and organizational superiority
as these characteristics applied to the art of warfare whereas the tribes of the
(10) southern hemisphere had numbers in their favor but had no time for the adoption
of European weaponry or strategy, a situation that contrasted sharply with that
in North America where the tribes gained considerable access to modern
weapons and were more flexible in their strategies. The two most important
advantages the European-Americans possessed in the north was the endless
(15) stream of migration that more than replaced the population lost during warfare,
and a production system centered in large and relatively secure population
centers.
It can be inferred from the passage that from a historical perspective, the European conquest of the Americas can be viewed as
SECTION 3
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Scientists have long speculated as to the extent that inbreeding contributes
to the decline and eventual extinction of large assimilated populations, most
agreeing that in natural populations the impact of inbreeding depression on
Line population survival is insignificant in comparison to that of demographic and
(5) environmental variables. While there is ample evidence of fitness reduction due
to inbreeding depression in captivity, no field studies on natural populations
have been conducted to test the proposed effect on extinction.
However, Saccheri recently found in his study of a large metapopulation of
the Glanville .fritillary butterfly that extinction risk increased significantly
(10) with decreasing heterozygosity, an indication of inbreeding, even after
accounting for the effects of the relevant ecological factors. Rate of maturation,
larval survival, adult longevity and egg-hatching rate were found to be adversely
affected by inbreeding, and appear to be the fitness components underlying the
relationship between inbreeding and extinction. One wonders, nevertheless,
(15) how applicable these results would be to the increasing number of species with
small isolated populations due to habitat loss and fragmentation.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
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