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From the beginning, migration has been 6ne of the most conspicuous features of human history. Humanity did not appear simultaneously all over the earth but, according to the current scientific consensus, first evolved in Africa, and from there spread far and wide. Even after mankind had populated most of the planet, migration continued to play a decisive role in history down the centuries, as people contended for territory and the resources that go with it. In many of history's biggest movements of people, the migrants were not volunteers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, 15 million people were taken as slaves from Africa and shipped to Brazil, the Caribbean and North America. In the 19th century, between 10 and 40 million indentured workers (契约工人，苦力) were sent in vast numbers around the world, mainly from China and India.
The 20th century's wars in Europe and Asia displaced millions more. But perhaps the most intense episode of migration-under-duress (强迫) in modern times occurred after the partition of India in 1947, when 7 million Muslims fled India for the new state of Pakistan and 7 million Hindus fled in the opposite direction.
As individuals, not merely as members of races or religions in flight, people have always traveled in search of a better life. Between the middle of the 19th century and the start of the second world war, 60 million people left Europe and move overseas to the United States, Canada, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Much of this movement was guided by economic calculation. Most modern migration is of this kind, though nowadays the pull is high wages rather than cheap land.
For the 19th century or so, the pattern of migration has shifted a good deal, with changes in government policy playing a key role. Until t914 governments imposed almost no controls. This allowed the enormous 19th-century movement of migrants from Europe to North America.
Between 1914 and 1945; partly reflecting security concerns, migration was curtailed. Many countries excluded immigrants. America's Congress passed laws aiming to preserve the country's racial and religious makeup.
After 1945 came another great change. Many European countries faced labor shortages. Governments actively recruited immigrants for jobs in their expanding industries. Migration surged again, now not mainly from Europe to North America but from the developing countries to the rich ones.
The next big change came in the 1970s. The rich countries were no longer growing quickly and struggling with labor shortages. Recession came to Europe and America, and immigration rules were tightened again. This more restrictive regime continues to apply.
In human history, people migrated because of all of the following EXCEPT ______ .
听力原文：M: How did you like Egypt？
W: Oh, perfect. It's one of the most interesting places I've ever seen.
M: Where did you go？
W: Well, we spent most of the time in Cairo and Luxor.
M: What's there to see in Cairo？
W: Well, not all that much, in fact, but there is the museum and the pyramids, and that's really something.
M: What's the city like？
W: It's very large, and the streets are always noisy and dirty.
M: I thought you liked it.
W: Well, I did in a way. It's very different, but I liked Luxor better. Luxor's a little town right on the banks of the Nile. It's very quiet and peaceful and much cleaner than Cairo. And actually I did more sightseeing there.
M: Did you buy anything？
W: Oh, sure. There are stone excellent shops in Luxor with all sorts of interesting things. A lot better than Cairo, in fact, I bought a gold necklace. Want to see it？
M: Sure.
Which country did the woman visit？
Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt a—mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.
There have been many myths about safety belts since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago. The following are three of the most common.
Myth Number One: It's best to be "thrown clear" of a serious accident.
Truth: Sorry, but any accident serious enough to "throw you clear" is also going to be serious enough to give you a very bad landing, and chances are you'll have travelled through a windshield or door to do it. Studies show that chances of dying after a car accident are twenty-five times greater in cases where people are "thrown clear".
Myth Number Two: Safety belts "trap" people in cars that are burning or sinking in water.
Truth: Sorry again, but studies show that people knocked unconscious for not wearing safety belts have a greater chance of dying in these accidents. People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having a clear head to free themselves from such dangerous situations, not to be trapped in them.
Myth Number Three: Safely belts aren't needed at a speed of less than 30 miles per hour (mph).
Truth: When two cars travelling at 30 mph hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force head first into the ground from a height of 10 meters.
Why did Elizabeth say to her father "But, Dad, you can't be healthy if you are dead" ？
With the pace of change quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with
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