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17.A)A mapmaker used t in memory of an explorer.B)An Italian explorer invented the name on his arrival.C)Columbus named the land this way in his letters.D) Native Americans gave the land this name first.
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18. A)Christopher Columbus.B) Amerigo Vespucci.C) Martin Waldseemuller.D) Leif Erikson.
Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attachedto it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identity theparagraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph morethan once.Digital Depression: Is Social Media Making You Sick?A) We check our phones an average of 150 times a day, and around 30% of the total timespent online is devoted to social media. Many of us cannot go a day without postingonline. In the meantime, hours of our time can be spent viewing posts of our friends'family vacations, birthday parties, and successful moments. But when we are hookedon the social world, it turns out that some social media habits could have unexpectedharmful effects on our mental health.B)“When I post, I am sort of embarrassed to admit, but I do kind of keep looking to seeif people provide positive feedback, or interact with it?" said social media user AmyBarad. A click of a mouse, scrolling, there is so much power at our fingertips.“Yeah, it'sjust about feeling better about myself. It's something that lasts only for a moment. Yougo, and you see if five or six more people liked it since the last time you looked, and it'sa little embarrassing, but I think everyone does it," stated Robin Heindselman, anothersocial media user.C) When it comes to staying connected, we have come a long way. Telephones have becomecomputers, and Internet speeds have significantly increased. I's all part of the speeded-up technological revolution that has pushed social media interactions into the digitalworld. The Pew Research Center reported that as of July 1, 2015, 76 percent of adultswho used the Internet also used social media sites, and an estimated 72 percent usedFacebook. "There's benefits, obviously, you're connecting with people," said AshrafEsmail, Ph.D, a sociologist at Dillard University in New Orleans.D) To be sure, social networking can be enjoyable, and many see it as a part of our dailylives. But increasingly studies warn of how social media may affect users mentally,highlightingsocial comparisons by users in particular. University of Houston researchersconcluded that spending a lot of time on Facebook and comparing oneself to others islinked to depressive feeling.E)However, the researchers stated that it does not mean that Facebook causes depression.Dr. Carrie Wyland, Ph.D., is a Tulane University psychologist who has studiedself-esteem (自尊) issues "One thing we know is people with low self-esteem first of all, they’re mote likely to use social comparison online like Facebook in looking " how many likes other people are getting, what do other people look like in their pictures, what are other people doing," she said Other studies point to social networking causing envy (美慕). Wyland admits some of her students have used the“A-word," as in anxiety" "How anxious they feel to respond and be connected all of the time," she said. "Some people say it makes them feel bad about themselves because they're seeing everything everyone else is doing, so it does at least in their stories have this negative effect."F)So it is social media habits that can deeply affect our thoughts, according to users and experts. I just put myself out there and nobody necessarily gave thumbs up, or liked it, I think it's a natural, human reaction probably," Barad said.“And if you're interpreting (解释) it in a way that maybe 50 people liked it, what about all the other friends that didn't like it, that might end up making you feel bad about yourself and making those self-esteem problem worse," Wyland said.G)But the digital networking may provide energy for those in the self-centered category. "Look at me in my bikini and things like that, and people post this day in and day out, and that's to draw attention, not only to feel good about themselves, but how other people look at me, look at how I look," said Dr. Esmail. He added that social media tends to“out" narcissists, who are too much concerned with themselves. “On a daily basis I hear people making fun of other people because they go too far online," Esmail said. In the digital universe, distortions (失真) are all over the place. "Because people are putting out their best self, then you feel like, you know, maybe I don't look as good, maybe people don't like me as much," Wyland said.H) Esmail said self-image issues can stand in the way of success.“In academic confidence, there's a close relationship between academics and how you look. It does affect self esteem, sociologically, psychologically and grades, and things like that when people don't feel comfortable with how they look," he said. Experts agreed that women, especially when they are young, tend to be more prone to self-image issues, and it should be taken seriously, “As parents, we do need to watch for sudden changes in eating habits, in dressing habits, in friendships, sleep habits, moodiness, their grades at school. And when things start to go wrong, instead of being critical, ask some direct questions about how they're feeling," said Jenni Watts Evans, a parent educator at Children's Hospital's Parenting Center,I) As a society, our exposure to social media is beginning earlier and earlier. "We see babies, l-year-olds, 2-year-olds, whose parents think it's really cute (逗人喜爱的) to show the babies scrolling on the pages of the phone, or the I Pad, or even playing simple games一just getting a response out of the machine or the technology. And frankly, it is pretty cute and funny, but we have to be careful about making those things so important," said Watts.J) Because research suggests over time social media can leave negative footprints on users' minds, experts warn against taking comparisons of oneself and others to an extreme.“It'sa lot more pressure than in the old world. We didn't have to worry, we just had to worry about our face to-face interaction," Wyland said. She advises that users reduce socialmedia participationif it makes them feel bad about themselves.____11. Research shows that most adultsusing the Internet used socialmedia and thatmost socialmedia users use Facebook.____12 According to the researcher Wyland, one will feeleven worse about himself whenhe has anegative way of understanding what he sees online.____13. Young womenare oftenmore concerned with their own images, so parentsshould pay attentionto changes in their lifestylesmoods and school grades.____14. Now we also need to worry about how we use social media from the perspectiveof the negative effect on our thoughts and feelings.____15. Researchers have found that social media use is linked to depression, especially when the user compares himself to others.____16. Despite the fact that we may be excited to see a littlechild playing withtechnology, we should avoid exaggeration.____17. Every day we spend a considerableamount of time checking our phones, postingonline and viewing our friends' posts.____18. Some people use social media sites to post things in order to attract attentionandmake themselves feel good.____19. Some people using social media sites can feel particularly anxious when they seewhat others are doing and what others have.____20. Speaking of social media habits, two users Amy and Robin admit that theyexpect other people's likes after they post.(以下答案1代表11空答案，2代表12空答案，依次类推）
Section CDirections:There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followedby somequestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D) You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneCollege students seem unable to get off their cellphones Professors find it challenging toget students to stop using their cellphones in class Doug Duncan, a professor at the Universityof Colorado has come up with a solution to smartphone distraction in his astronomy class.He has publisheda paper showing that, at his college, more than 75 percent of undergradsreported texting while in class, and that inclass texting was linked to an average drop of halfa letter grade in the course.Ten percent of the grade in Duncan's class comes from participationpoints. To reducesmartphone use, he carried out an experiment. While sharing his plan with his colleagues,he wrote:“1 asked my students tovote (投票表决) ifl should offer one participation point fortaking out their cellphone, turning it off and leaving it out on my desk. To my amazement100% voted yes. So they all took out their phones, put them on the desk, and we had anextremely engaged class." Three class meetings later, the no-cellphone rule is still goingstrong.Should other professors follow Duncan's lead? Larry Rosen, a research psychologist atCalifornia State University, studies smartphone use among college students. He doesn't thinksimply rewarding students for turning off their phones is a good strategy. “It doesn't get atthe real issue of why students are distracted," he explains. "Most college students are heavyusers who are going to get anxious within 10 or 15 minutes if they can't check their phones."In experiments,Rosen has shown that students' heart rate and other vital signs (生命体征)rise when they hear their phones ring and can't answer them. He says that putting the phonesin sight, but out of reach, even when turned off, will only increase that anxiety and thedistraction that comes with it.Rosen has his own solution.“I start by calling a tech break, where they can check theirphone for one minute, every 15 minutes," he says. “Over time you can increase it to 20, 25.And within a couple weeks you can get them to go 30 minutes without needing it.”21. What is the finding reported in Doug Duncan's published paper?A) Most students at American colleges texted while in class.B) Professors were not effective in stopping phone use in class.C) Ten percent of his texting students could not pass the course.D) Texting reduced course grades by half a letter on average.22. What experiment did Duncan carry out to reduce cellphone use in class?A) Students using their cellphones could lose one point.B) The whole class had to leave cellphones on the desks.C) He designed class activities based on voting on the phone.D) Cellphones had to be kept on the teacher's desk if used.23. Larry Rosen advises other professors not to follow Duncan's lead because____A) it may work at the beginning but the temptation is too strong.B) it can only work well with some students but not with others.C) it works for a short while before most students get anxious.D) it really distracts heavy users, who actually pretend to listen.24. What has Rosen found in his experiments about students not allowed to use cellphones?A) They were willing to put their phones in sight but out of reach.B) They had faster heartbeat when unable to answer the phone.C) They couldn't resist the distraction for a minute and listen seriously,D)They could control their anxiety when focusing on learning,25. What solution does Rosen offer?A) Students are allowed to check their phones every 15 or more minutes.B) He turns his class into several short periods of 15 minutes or more.C) Students can check their phones for just one minute in every classD) He ells tech support to block the connection every few minutes.Passage TwoTeens are masters at keeping themselves occupied in the hours after school until way pastbedtime. When they're not doing their homework (and when they are) they're online andon their phones, texting, sharing, you name it. Of course before everyone had a Facebookor Instagram account teens kept themselves busy, too, but they were more likely to dotheir chatting on the phone, or in person when hanging out. It may have looked like a lotof aimless hanging around, but what they were doing was experimenting, trying out sill,and succeeding and failing in tons of tiny real time (实时的) interactions that kids today aremissing out on.Nonetheless, modern teens are learning to do most of their communication while lookingat a screen, not another person. Certainly speaking indirectly creates a barrier (障碍) to clearcommunication, but that's not all. Learning how to make friends is a major part of growingup, and friendship requires a certain amount of risk-taking, This is true for making a newfriend, but it's also true for maintaining friendships. When there are problems that need to befaced, it takes courage to be honest about your feelingsand then hear what the other personhas to say. Learning to effectively cross these bridges is part of what makes friendship funand exciting. and also scary.But when friendship is conducted online and through texts, kids are doing this whenmany of the most personal-- and sometimes frightening一aspects of communicationare removed. I's easier to keep your guard up when you're texting, so less is at risk. Youaren't hearing or seeing the effect that your words are having on the other person. Becausethe conversation isn't happening in real time, each party can take more time to consider aresponse. No wonder kids say calling someone on the phone is“too intense"一it requiresmore direct communication, and if you aren't used to that it may well feel scary. Ifkids aren'tgetting enough practice relating to people and getting their needs met in person and in realtime, many of them will grow up to be adults who are anxious about the primary means ofcommunication for humans一talking.26. The author thinks that after school teens should spend time____.A) trying their hand at some real skilled workB) relaxing by having an account to chat onlinec) sharing notes and doing homework togetherD) talking to people and improving social skills27. What does the author mean by“crossing these bridges" (Line 7, Para 2)?A) Looking at the screen and speaking indirectly,B)' Taking risks and having courage to communicate.C) Starting friendships and trying to maintain them.D) Finding friends and getting help to solve problems.28. What does the author say about the advantage of chatting online?A) Making friends more easily.B) Less possibility of miscommunication.C) Feeling free to share one's views.D) Having more time for what to say.29.Whatistheauthor'sviewoffacetofacecommunication?A)Itishighlypersonalandscary.B)Itrequireskeepingone'sguardup.C)Itmaynotgolongenoughtotalkdeeply.D)Itworkseffectivelywithnoiseremoved.30.Theauthorexpresseshisconcernattheendofthepassagethat____.A)teenswillfeelscaredofexpressingthemselvesfreelyB)teenswillnotdecidecarefullyhowtomakefriendsC)teenswillgrowupnotknowinghowtotalkinpersonD)teenswillbetoodirectintheirmannerofspeaking注：以下答案1代表21题答案，2代表22题答案，依次类推。
PartIIITranslationDirections:TranslatethepassagefromChineseintoEnglish.“低头族”这一问题并不是中国独有的。美国首都华盛顿特区于2014年最先设立“手机人行道”，目的是提醒已养成边走路边低头看手机习惯的人要注意车辆和其他行人。重庆则基于这项试验，划设了中国第一条专供手机使用者的人行道。尽管很有创意，这条人行道因为可能鼓励坏习惯和引起事故而招致批评。实际上，这种新倡议能否带来好处，现在还是个未知数。
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