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A．relationshipB．differenceC．similarityD．correlation
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根据材料请回答 23～30 题
Lie detectors (测谎仪)are widely used in the United States to find out whether a per-son is telling the truth or not.Polygraphists, the person who operate them, claim that they can establish guilt by detecting physiological changes that accompany emotional stress.The technique adopted is to ask leading questions such as: "Did you take the mo-ney？" or "Where did you hide the money？", mixed in with neutral questions, and measure the subject's electrical resistance in the palm or changes in his breathing and heart rate.Such apparatus has obtained widespread recognition.
Whether lie detectors will ever be adopted on a similar scale in Britain is still a matter of opinion.At first sight, it appears obvious that any simple, reliable method of convic-ting guilty people is valuable, but recent research sponsored by the U.S.Office of Public Health not only raises doubts about how lie detectors should be.used but also makes it questionable whether they should be employed at all.
The point is that, apart from many of the polygraphists being unqualified, the tests themselves are by no means free from error, primarily because they discount human imagi-nation and ingenuity.Think of all those perfectly innocent people, with nothing to be a-fraid of, who blush and stammer when a customs officer asks them if they have anything to declare.Fear, and a consequently heightened electrical response, may not be enough to establish guilt.It depends on whether the subject is afraid of being found out or afraid of being wrongfully convicted.
On the other hand, the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has pre-pared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or de-liberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones!
The success rate of up to 90% claimed for lie detectors is misleadingly attractive.If we refer such a figure to a company with 500 employees, twenty of whom are thieves, the lie detector could catch 18 of them but in doing so would place 32 innocent employees un-der suspicion.The problem for the management would therefore become one of deciding how much industrial unrest they are prepared to cause in order to eliminate theft.What concerns research workers even more, of course, is the fact that a certain number of in no-cent people are bound to be convicted of crimes that they have not committed.
第 23 题 Paragraph 1__________
根据材料请回答 30～34
Sunbath and Skin Cancer
In the summer, millions of Americans will offer up their bodies to the sun rays.A tan indicates health and beauty, and most sun worshippers will sacrifice a lot to achieve it, in-eluding themselves．
With each hour，the sun’s ultraviolet radiation(紫外线)produces irreversible(不可逆的)damage，hastening the development of unsightly wrinkles．And with each year OII the beach or rooftop，the sunbather increases his risk of getting skin cancer．Skin cancer is by far the most common form. of cancer．An estimated 400，0()0 new cases will be blamed this year in the United States．and almost all of them can be blamed on over-exposure to the sun．
Fortunately，most of these cancers are highly curable．I3ut they can he disfiguring arm take time to treat．For that reason，sun worshippers should treat deity with a good deal of awe(敬畏)．Sunburn，of course，is the initial hazard posed by UV radiation．Prolonged exposure to UV，however，interferes with the production of collagen fibers(胶原纤维)in the dermis(真皮层)，causing the skin to lose elasticity(弹性)and creating premature wrinkles．Further deterioration(恶化)of the dermis deprives t he epidermis(表皮层)of nutrition and causes it to become thin and dry．
Cancer is UV’s final result．Shortwave radiant energy，especially from the UV B band，breaks the strands(股、缕)of DNA．Enzymes(酶)work constantly t()rearrange the DNA into proper sequence．but with repeated UV exposure，the repair process may even—tually break down．Then the mutant(变异的)DNA may produce a colony of cancer cells．But skin cancer may be avoided with a good dose of common sense．People with fair skin and blue eyes who burn easily stand the highest risk．Special danger spots are the parts of the body most constantly exposed to the sun，such as the cheeks，nose，lower lip and the ears．People who have already developed precancerous(癌变前的)lesions(伤害)or had one skin-cancer growth stand a greatly increased chance of developing others．
Dermatologists(皮肤科医生)recommend avoiding the sun when it is most intense be—tween 11 a．m．and 3 P．m．Anyone who insists on sunbathing should use a good sun screen．These lotions and salves(药膏)contain chemicals that block out the burning UVB radiation while permitting the tanning rays to reach the skin．
第 30 题 According to the passage，over—exposure to the sun may result in
Older people sometimes know better________
Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life.
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