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听力原文：W: You didn't turn up for yesterday's English Evening as you had promised.
M: You know what. I went to see my supervisor about my essay. And then I forgot all about the party.
Q: What happened to the man？
(16)
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W: The next generation has begun to look at retirement a little differently. Why limit that last "vacation" to just a few years and to a time when your health might be too poor to let you do all the things you've planned to do？ They are determined to alter that fate.
M: Do they have any way to lengthen their period of retirement？
W: They have a simple solution. Just retire earlier. Don't wait until age 65. Retire at 50. You will be able to enjoy life after retirement for 15 or 20 years. This is a nice strategy, but there are still some problems.
M: What are they？
W: First, quitting work at 50 deprives you of 15 of your most productive years, and you accumulate less money to support yourself in retirement. Second, you are not going to die at 68, you are likely to live longer. It means your money must last you longer.
M: Do you mean that to retire earlier than scheduled is not a good solution？
W: In fact, because of these reasons, retirement as you know will not even exist.
M: How can you say that？
W: This sounds both horrifying and incredible. However, it's a natural evolution of society. Because what many retirees discover after a while is that they've become just bored. Going to work can solve that problem. Work can be mentally challenging and stimulating, and lots of fun, especially you know you're doing it because you want to, not because you have to.
(23)
听力原文： Long ago, people had no way of keeping food from spoiling. So they ate all they possibly could and hoped it wouldn't be too long before the next meal. Mealtime was any time they found food, so they were either stuffed or starved most of the time.
No one knows for sure how people first learned to preserve food. Maybe they accidentally left food in the sun and discovered that the dried food kept longer. Maybe they left food by the fire and found out that cooked food not only kept longer, but tasted better. Somehow someone learned that salt helps preserve meat, fish and even vegetables. For example, pickles are cucumbers that are preserved with salt. Through the years people have continued to learn new and better ways of preserving food from one growing season to another. Today millions of people work in jobs that have something to do with food preservation.
Suppose you were walking up and down the aisles of a modern supermarket. On the shelves you would find food preserved in many different ways. You would see canned tomatoes and peaches in glass jars. These foods were first sealed in airtight containers and then heated to high temperature. If there was a break in the seal, the food would soon spoil You would also see dried and powdered food on the shelves. You would see prunes and raisins. You would see powdered milk and powdered eggs. Some dried foods, such as onions and potatoes, can of course be kept for tong.
If you walked past the dairy counter, you would find many foods that have been treated to kill any harmful germs that might have been in them. Milk is a good example. It may be unsafe to drink ram milk, that is, milk just as it comes from the cow. If the milk is heated and then cooled, the harmful germs are killed. The man who discovered this way of treating milk was a Frenchman named Louis Pasteur. Milk so treated is called pasteurized milk and the process is called pasteurization.
In the supermarket you would also find many frozen foods, frozen fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Because techniques for freezing food are being improved, more and more frozen foods are appearing on the market, and more and more people are buying them. Fruits and vegetables sold in the supermarket are often frozen as soon as they are picked. The sooner fruits and vegetables are frozen, the better freezing machines can be taken into fields where the food grows, so that little time is lost between picking and freezing.
Many Americans with large families now have their own freezers and freeze their own food. Because fruits and vegetables are cheaper when they are in season, a housewife often buys more than she can use in a few days or even in a week and then freezes the rest. Preparing food for the freezer is a fairly simple process. To prepare strawberries, for example, the housewife simply needs to clean them, put them on a tray in the freezer for a few hours, then put them in plastic bags. Bread, cakes, cooked and uncooked pies can also be kept in a freezer.
With the improvement in methods of food preservation, people no longer have to stuff one day and starve another. They can have a well-balanced diet all year round.
Questions:
16. Which of the following is NOT an early way to keep food from spoiling？
17.Which of the following statements is TRUE about milk？
18.How can peaches sold in a supermarket be preserved, according to this talk？
19.How do most American housewives deal with fruits and vegetables？
20.According to this talk, what is NOT needed when strawberries are stored in a freezer？
(36)
Part B Listening Comprehension
Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
听力原文：M: Were conditions in coal mines in the nineteenth century really as bad as people imagine？
W: Well, up to the middle of the nineteenth century at least, miners did work in terrible conditions, even worse than most people imagine probably. And of course it wasn't only the men who had to work in the mines—most mining families were so poor, you see, that the women and children had to go down the mine as well. Now the men had the job of actually digging the coal out, which meant that sometimes they had to crouch in tiny tunnels and dig away at the coal face. And the women had the job of face, such as carrying the coal away, and in the very early days they actually had to carry the coal in sacks on their backs from the coal face all the way up to the surface, up steep ladders.
M: What about the children？
W: Well, they could use horses in the widest tunnels. When the tunnels were too low for the horses, then they used the children instead, and these children had to pull trucks of coal, weighing, ooh, sometimes as much as half a ton or a ton along passages that were only a few feet high, and the owners sometimes made the children work for 12 hours or more at a time, and they made them stay down the mine underground all that time, and they didn't let them have breaks for food or anything like that. They just had to work. And this was really the worst part of it, that the mine owners had complete power, you see, they could do whatever they liked. If they wanted to, they could make them work longer hours and there wasn't really anything the miners could do about it, and this went on for quite a long time, partly because mining communities were so isolated that people didn't realize that mine owners were making children do the terrible jobs, and later when the public did find out about it, people began to raise objections.
M: So then laws were introduced. Were they to make it illegal to use children？
W: Yes that's right, in the 1840s. But the interesting thing was that even when they did know what was happening, people weren't so worried about children having to work in mines, the main thing they objected to was women and young girls working in the mines with men, which they thought was immoral. You see, it was very hot down the mines and so the miners wore very few clothes, and people found this very shocking. And that was why after the first law was passed in 1842, children were still allowed to work underground for several more years.
M: Of course at that time I suppose there were no unions or anything like that—the miners had no power at all？
W: No, none at all, at first. In fact at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were actually laws called Combination Laws. Now according to these laws, workers weren't allowed to join together in any way to fight for more pay or shorter hours or better working conditions, and if they did so, those responsible would be arrested and put into prison. And it was only later that the miners were actually allowed to form. unions, and of course this made an enormous difference, because then the owners had to start improving conditions and introduce safety measures—but it all happened very slowly and things didn't really start to improve until very late in the nineteenth century.
Questions:
1. What work did men have to do in coal mines in the early nineteenth century？
2.According to the woman, why were children used in coal mines？
3.What was the main thing that people objected to when they knew what was happening in coal mines？
【C11】
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