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强制性是法律固有的特征，其他社会规范不具有强制性。
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Listening Device Provides Landslide(山崩；地滑；塌方)Early Warning
A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations (振动)in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated(疏散，撤走), the scientists say. Such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall(降雨，降雨量), and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion(腐蚀，侵蚀).
Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, "slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes, " says Nell Dixon at Southborough University, UK. He says a warning system that monitors this movement "might be enough to evacuate a block of fiats or clear a road, and save lives. "
The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent (即将发生的) landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors(传感器) sunk into boreholes(钻孔，井眼)or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can, however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixon's team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations' caused when particles begin moving within a slope.
The device takes the form. of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel(砾，沙砾，砾石)around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent.
The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment(堤岸)in Newcastle, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes.
"Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, " says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. "As long as it doesn't cost too much, " But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not he enough on its own. "You need to have the human communication, " he says. "Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. "
What does "Such natural disasters" in the first paragraph refer to？
听力原文： During the past decade, there has been a multifold increase in violent crimes throughout the world. Not only has there been a frightening increase of murders and rapes, but chances of being attacked and robbed have grown so that the elderly avoid leaving heir apartments.
The exact cause of this horrifying development has not been found. Some sociologists feel that the growth of crime on TV is related with the growth of violence on our streets. Others blame the constant threat of complete destruction from nuclear explosives. If the world is going to be blown up, why not enjoy yourself fully!
Regardless of the cause or causes, a fundamental change in attitude among people is easy to see. Years back, the old saying "Practice what you preach" was a prevalent one. People had moral standards that they could follow: people were concerned about their fellow human beings.
Today', people have become "I-centered'. They are more interested in achieving immediate, selfish pleasures. The best advice they can give in the rare instances when they do is "Do what I say, not what I do". They are saying, "There are moral principles to follow if you want to, but don't use me as a guide since I no longer follow them."
The major difference that I see in the quotations points out the tragic change in our morality and social ways. Until people once more learn to replace "I' with "we", we shall continue to move toward destructive self-centeredness.
(33)
● Read the following passage.
● Are the sentences 16-22 "Right" or "Wrong"？ If there isn't enough information to answer "Right" or "Wrong", choose "Doesn't say".
● For each sentence 16-22, mark one letter (A, B or C) on your Answer Sheet.
PRESS OFFICER ￡22,000 PER YEAR
A leading oil company needs a Press Officer for its busy offices. You should be:
◆ good at making phone calls
◆ excellent at writing reports
◆ able to go on business trips at least three times a month
◆ willing to work late several times a week
◆ experienced at working with computers
Benefits include:6 weeks' annual holiday and bonus payment after 12 months.
You do not need good writing skills for this job.
听力原文：M: I'm not quite sure how to use this calculator you lent me. I dropped it, and now the on-button doesn't light up.
W: Oh, that's okay; it hasn't been working right for some time now.
Q: What's the man's problem？
(18)
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