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A．Six minutes.B．Eighty minutes.C．Sixty minutes.D．Eight minutes.
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听力原文：W: Hi, John. What a sunny day today, isn't it？ Congratulations!
M: Not too bad. Thank you, Jane.
W: Are you ready to go？
M: Honestly speaking, I'm glad you're here. What a terrible morning!
W: Why？ What happened？
M: It's too troublesome to relate it.
W: Take it easy. It's such an important day for you ! Mary and all the guests are waiting for you. They are eager to witness your happiness.
M: I know, thank you. But after I got dressed for the wedding, I was having a cup of coffee, and then, I carelessly spilled it all over my shirt, my new shirt just prepared for the wedding.
W: Well, don't worry. It looks just OK now.
M: Yeah. Luckily, I had another white shirt, so I changed. Now, look at me. Am I OK all over？
W: Definitely. Uh, wait a moment ! John, is there a place around here where I could get a pair of pants cleaned quickly？
M: There's a one-hour dry cleaner in the Shell Building on Madison. It's about two blocks from here.
W: So, it's close. That's good. And which one is the Shell Building？
M: It's that big, glass office building just past the park. But why ask all these questions about the dry cleaner？
W: Because we have to stop there on the way to the wedding. I think you sat in something.
M: Oh, no!
(20)
劳动预备制度以()为核心。
With modern audio-recording equipment, there is, of course, no difficulty in recording speakers in many face-to-face situations or on the telephone. Some researchers have ethical objections to such recordings;oth ers adopt a compromise solution of recording without their knowledge and then telling them afterwards. How ever, suppose one decides to record people with their knowledge ,what solutions are there, if any,to the effect of the recording on the speakers7 In many cases ,the recording may have to be with the speakers' consent in any case ,for example, if recording teachers, doctors, magistrates, or official meetings of different kinds.
One argument, put forward by Wolfson(1976) ,is that there is no such thing as natural speech in any absolute sense. All language changes to be appropriate to the situation. All there is to study, then, is what people regard as appropriate in different situations. In any case, in all social situations, we are aware of being monitored to some extent by others present: being monitored by a tape-recorder and researcher is therefore just a particular example of this. This type of argument usefully points out that the hunt for pure, natural or authentic data is a chimera. On the other hand, we may be investigating how people speak when they are un comfortable. Being permanently recorded and studied is not a normal situation for most people, and those for whom it is an everyday occurance (including celebrities, radio personalities, courtroom lawyers) develop special strategies to deal with it. There is always the suspicion that in extraordinary situations people produce extraordinary language.
One research strategy is proposed by J. Wilson. He argues that since speakers will inevitably be affect ed by the recording, one should deliberately study such effects: what he called tape-affected speech. Examples would include direct references to the recording equipment or uncharacteristically polite usages, or the opposite--deliberately obscene references, for example, where speakers are showing that they do not care what is recorded. This suggestion is useful, insofar as it warns researchers what to be aware of in recordings. On the other hand, we ought to know about normal language, not about such artificially produced ones.
It is regularly proposed that speakers grow used to being recorded, and that tape-affected speeches de crease with time. One can, therefore, record speakers over some hours or days, and either edit out tape affect ed sections, or simply discard earlier data. Although this principle seems very plausible, there appears to be no studies which have tested its validity. A similarly plausible but not well-tested claim is that if people are recorded in self-selected groups, then the pressures of interacting in a group will overrid the influeuce of the tape-recorder. Labov (1972b) claimes that recording Negro youths in their peer groups decreased the attention they paid to their speech. On the other hand, he was recording gangs of boys who might have gone out of their way to display their group solidarity to the observer. A different version of this argument is to record natural social groups. I did so in
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