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四级笔试模拟试卷9Part III Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank before the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Men are notoriously(1)to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by a thousand women's magazines. And a study at the University of Melbourne, in Australia, confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestive exception. Men are(2)sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley looked at the way a person's gender affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agree on what six basic expressions of (3)look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognized universally—which suggests that the expressions involved are (4), rather than learned. Dr. Williams and Dr. Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions in mixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of(5), and measured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies, that both men and women(6)angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was more quickly identified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eight photographs as when it was part of a group of four. This suggests that something in the brain is attuned (使协调，使一致) to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, this highly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men picked out the angry expressions faster than women did. Dr. Williams and Dr. Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly has a survival (7)—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the ability to (8)angry males quickly is particularly valuable.The ability to spot quickly that a male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allow the sharp-witted time to choose appeasement (缓和), (9)or possibly even pre-emptive (先发制人的) attack. And, if it is right, this study also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: If you want attention, get (10).A) talked B) insensitive C) defence (defense) D) angry E) innate F) advantage G) agony H) disastrous I) emotion J) expression K) spot L) acutely M) stuff N) lost O) identified
Section BDirections： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter.CancerA) One in three of us will get cancer at some point in our lives. Once so feared that its name was whispered, the disease is no longer an inevitable death sentence. Today, almost two-thirds of those who develop cancer will still be alive five years later, compared with just half in the 1970s.B) Cancer has turned out to be tougher to crack than everyone hoped when US President Richard Nixon launched the War on Cancer in 1971. But death rates are falling, thanks to earlier detection of tumors and improved use of existing treatments—mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The success has been biggest for children: Since the mid-1970s, death rates from cancers of childhood have halved. Of those with the most common childhood cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia (淋巴细胞白血病), 85% are still alive five years later, compared with just 53% in the 1970s.Inner workingsC) A key reason why cancer patients are living longer, is that scientists now understand more clearly what happens when cells turn cancerous. Cancer begins when genes which normally control cell division, growth and repair are damaged through mutation (突变). These genes can then cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, destroying neighboring healthy cells. For example, a gene called P53, which normally acts as a brake on cell division, turns out to be mutated or lost in about half of all tumors. Another proto-oncogene (原癌基因), Myc, normally helps healthy cell division, but can become an oncogene (致癌基因) if damaged, causing cells to divide unchecked.D) Mutations can arise by chance errors in DNA replication, and genes can also be damaged by carcinogens (致癌物质) such as tobacco chemicals, benzene, possibly acryl amide and some food additives or ultraviolet light from sunshine. Certain viruses can also trigger gene mutations, such as the human papilloma (乳突淋瘤) virus that can cause cervical cancer.E) Some mutated genes are inherited: two examples are BRCA1 and BRCA2, which together account for about 5% of all breast cancer cases. Other genes such as DBC2, EMSY and FA have been implicated in ovarian, breast and lung cancer.F) Once a cell has turned cancerous, it divides until a mass of cells forms a tumor. Diagnostic tests can quickly distinguish between malignant or cancerous tumors and those that are benign or harmless. As a malignant tumor progresses, cells or clumps of cells break off and spread, or metastasize (转移), around the body via the lymphatic system and blood vessels.G) The latest generation of treatments exploit our knowledge of what happens within cancerous cells. They target proteins and messenger chemicals such as growth factors or enzymes—that the errant cells need to survive and grow.H) Glivec (or Gleevec), for example, targets abnormal proteins that help cancerous cells to grow. Dubbed the first "magic bullet" for cancer, it is used to treat one type of leukemia and a rare cancer of the gut. Another drug, 17AAG, targets cancer cells by suppressing Hsp90—a protein vital for their growth. The drug is undergoing trials to treat melanoma and other cancers that affect the prostate, kidney and breast.I) An alternative approach is to persuade the immune system to attack tumors, using vaccines, biological therapies such as alpha interferon or interleukin 2 and genetically altered white blood cells. In the future, scientists hope to target stem-cell-like cells within cancers that may be responsible for most of the growth of some tumors, and evade existing drugs. They also plan to use nano-drugs, nano-bullets and "smart bombs" to deliver molecules with pinpoint precision to tumor cells.J) Even soil-living or flesh-eating bacteria, engineered viruses, weed extracts, microwaves, chemicals from Antarctic sea squirts and the immune cells of siblings have been recruited to destroy tumors.Prevalence patternsK) In developed countries, the cancer most likely to afflict you is non-melanoma skin cancer, often caused by the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. This is usually treated and cured. Melanoma, a deadlier skin cancer, is less common but is increasing by around 3% a year in the US. Though UV light is the cause of many skin cancers, there is some evidence that small amounts may also help prevent other cancers. In the developing world the most common cancers are linked to infectious agents, such as cervical cancer or liver cancer caused by hepatitis B.L) The biggest killer in industrialized nations remains lung cancer. For men, lung cancer mortality has been falling since 1990, mirroring a peak in popularity of smoking during the 1960s. For women, who commonly took up smoking later, lung cancer mortality is still rising. Tobacco is also rapidly becoming the leading cause of cancer in Asia.M) Breast cancer accounts for almost one in three of all cancers diagnosed in women each year. For men, prostate cancer is just as common, with the highest rates in African American men and Caribbean men of African origin.N) Screening for both of these diseases has improved sharply. Early breast tumors show up on a mammogram long before they can be felt as a lump. More women now survive the disease—three-quarters of women whose breast cancer was diagnosed 10 years ago are still alive today. Similarly, a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has revolutionized early diagnosis for this cancer in the US. Some experts argue that screening can be harmful, however.Factoring in riskO) Dozens of factors affect an individual's risk of getting cancer. Smoking is the biggest single risk factor—with tobacco linked to about a third of all cancers.P) Another clearly established risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation. This may be responsible for cancers in people living around Chernobyl in Ukraine, Tokaimura in Japan and for people working in nuclear power plants. Radiation may also have led to a high incidence of cancer in those who witnessed early nuclear tests or have been in contact with depleted uranium munitions, though a recent study contests this risk.Q) Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: being childless or delaying childbearing until aged over 30, starting periods early, using hormone replacement therapy, being exposed to oestrogen-like chemicals, and drinking one or more units of alcohol daily. More than one risk factor is usually needed before cancer cells develop.R) Risks posed by living near overhead power lines or petrol stops, or using cell phones, are less clear.Preventative stepsS) If everyone stopped smoking, cancer deaths could be cut by one-third, researchers estimate. Moves to protect people from passive smoking, in bars for example, are gaining ground in many industrialized countries.T) Staying out of sunlight and using strong sunscreens could prevent hundreds of thousands of us from developing skin cancer worldwide annually. Foods rich in antioxidants and beneficial fatty acids such as omega-3 and oleic acid found in olive oil—a key ingredient of the healthy Mediterranean diet—seem to protect against some cancers, although the findings are mixed.U) Doctors can increasingly intervene directly to prevent cancers. For example, vaccines against hepatitis B could soon cut deaths from liver cancer. There are also preventive therapies—such as tamoxifen (三苯氧胺) or the trial drug anastrazole—that interfere with the production of the hormone oestrogen, implicated in many breast cancers. Doctors believe that it could halve the rates of breast cancer in women with a family history of the disease.V) All this means that, while hopes of total cure for cancer are still unrealistic, the disease is increasingly under control.11. The writer expressed his optimistic but realistic attitude towards the treatment of cancer by analyzing different cancers and their cures.12. In the 1970s, only a half of those who developed cancer would still be alive five years later.13. The death rates of people who develop cancer are decreasing because of earlier detection of tumors and improved use of existing treatments.14. That scientists now understand more clearly what happens when cells turn cancerous is the crucial reason why cancer patients are living longer.15. Gene mutations can be caused by chance errors in DNA replication, and carcinogens can also do damage to genes.16. A tumor is formed by a mass of cells divided from a cell which has turned cancerous.17. The cancer which kills the most in industrialized nations is lung cancer.18. The most prevalent cancer in developed countries is non-melanoma skin cancer, often caused by the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.19. People living around Chernobyl in Ukraine got cancer probably because of the exposure to ionizing radiation.20. According to the researchers' estimate, if everyone stopped smoking, cancer deaths could be reduced by one-third.
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