题目内容
One of the earliest changes experienced by newly modernizing countries is the reduction of infectious disease through the diffusion of public health technology. Public health technology lowers the death rate, especially among infants and children, causing rapid population growth. Since most of the people of less developed nations live in rural areas that cannot absorb the increased population, unemployment presses people off the land. They tend to migrate into urban areas where newly developing industry and commerce and modern consumer goods and services offer hope for employment and a better life. Unfortunately, the opportunities are more apparent than real; and often the transition is more painful than pleasant.In the courses of the transition from agrarian life to modern urban living, the family undergoes major changes in function, structure, relations, and style. Functionally the family changes from a production unit to a consumption unit. No longer is there need for a large multi-worker household to operate the family’s farm interests, and the extended family household changes to the one containing only a core nuclear family. In the city children become economic liabilities rather than economic assets, and eventually families have fewer of them. Wives lose their functions as producers and maintainers of the labor force and become free to pursue extra household activities.The modern economy forces work outside the home away from kinfolk. Not only the father but also the mother is forced into the marketplace or factory to obtain enough money for the family to survive in a pecuniary economy. Without the extended family household, no one remains at home to supervise children, so they are left on their own. They may be sent into the streets to earn money. Daily life becomes filled with more secondary than primary relations. There is an erosion of family control over individual members.Scarce urban housing forces overcrowding in both dwelling and neighborhood. Dense structures with common halls, stairways, and utilities cause more intensive contact with neighbors than in rural villages. Loss of rural courtyards, over rooms, and large family areas drives group activities such as cooking, eating, and sitting into small rooms or city streets. More positively, household furnishings change as families are able to acquire the high-status accoutrements of modern living such as kerosene burners for cooking ( replacing dung cakes) and beds (instead of mats). Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage（）
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TextEvery human being, (26) what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is (27) dispose of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of University of Pittsburgh set themselves the (28) problem how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which utilizes (29) body heat, but the heat given off by such objects (30) light bulbs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well (31) no conventional fuel is needed (32) the campus’s six buildings comfortable.Some parts of most modern building, theatres and offices (33) classrooms -- are more than amply heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned and (34) in winter. The technique of (35) heat and redistributing it is (36) “heat recovery”. A few modem buildings recover (37) , but the university’s system is the first to recover heat (38) some buildings and reuse it in (39) . Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The (40) a student studies, the more heat his body (41) . Male students emit more than (42) students, and the larger a student, the more heat he (43) . It is tempting to (44) that the hot test prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a (45) over weight male genius. 43（）
One of the earliest changes experienced by newly modernizing countries is the reduction of infectious disease through the diffusion of public health technology. Public health technology lowers the death rate, especially among infants and children, causing rapid population growth. Since most of the people of less developed nations live in rural areas that cannot absorb the increased population, unemployment presses people off the land. They tend to migrate into urban areas where newly developing industry and commerce and modern consumer goods and services offer hope for employment and a better life. Unfortunately, the opportunities are more apparent than real; and often the transition is more painful than pleasant.In the courses of the transition from agrarian life to modern urban living, the family undergoes major changes in function, structure, relations, and style. Functionally the family changes from a production unit to a consumption unit. No longer is there need for a large multi-worker household to operate the family’s farm interests, and the extended family household changes to the one containing only a core nuclear family. In the city children become economic liabilities rather than economic assets, and eventually families have fewer of them. Wives lose their functions as producers and maintainers of the labor force and become free to pursue extra household activities.The modern economy forces work outside the home away from kinfolk. Not only the father but also the mother is forced into the marketplace or factory to obtain enough money for the family to survive in a pecuniary economy. Without the extended family household, no one remains at home to supervise children, so they are left on their own. They may be sent into the streets to earn money. Daily life becomes filled with more secondary than primary relations. There is an erosion of family control over individual members.Scarce urban housing forces overcrowding in both dwelling and neighborhood. Dense structures with common halls, stairways, and utilities cause more intensive contact with neighbors than in rural villages. Loss of rural courtyards, over rooms, and large family areas drives group activities such as cooking, eating, and sitting into small rooms or city streets. More positively, household furnishings change as families are able to acquire the high-status accoutrements of modern living such as kerosene burners for cooking ( replacing dung cakes) and beds (instead of mats). According to the author, it is good that（）
TextEvery human being, (26) what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is (27) dispose of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of University of Pittsburgh set themselves the (28) problem how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which utilizes (29) body heat, but the heat given off by such objects (30) light bulbs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well (31) no conventional fuel is needed (32) the campus’s six buildings comfortable.Some parts of most modern building, theatres and offices (33) classrooms -- are more than amply heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned and (34) in winter. The technique of (35) heat and redistributing it is (36) “heat recovery”. A few modem buildings recover (37) , but the university’s system is the first to recover heat (38) some buildings and reuse it in (39) . Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The (40) a student studies, the more heat his body (41) . Male students emit more than (42) students, and the larger a student, the more heat he (43) . It is tempting to (44) that the hot test prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a (45) over weight male genius. 37（）
I’’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today’’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children aged 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago. Why are America’’s kids so stressed The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation -- brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things -- and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place. Given that we can’’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope. At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress. To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep. Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news. Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale. Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn’’t have to ruin your life. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________.
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