题目内容
Stress
Stress can be defined as an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics and/or psychological processes, that is a consequence of any external action, situation, or event that places special physical and/or psychological demands upon a person. This definition includes three concepts important to the overall study of stress: (a) situational demands or stressors cause persons to adapt; (b) individuals tend to react and adapt in different ways to the stressors they are presented, and (c) some form. of physical and/ or psychological responses will occur. Therefore, internal characteristics may determine physical and emotional responses exhibited by individuals as a result of stressors. There are two distinct types of stressors, those without and within. Without stressors originate outside individuals and include such things as environmental or work-related demands. Within stressors are those from within individuals. These stressors tend to include individuals' personal values, attitudes, and self-concepts. There are three major types of stressors: environmental, organizational, and individual. Stressors are found to emerge from the environment and individuals. Internal characteristics would be stressors from within individuals. Internal characteristics are identified in numerous documents and cited as major sources of individual stress. Researchers have found that internal characteristics could contribute to individuals' susceptibility to stress and that these factors may even dictate how individuals handle the stress that they encounter; they state that internal characteristics actually contribute to the amount of stress individuals are able to tolerate. A large number of the negative experiences of beginning vocational individuals emerge from internal characteristics.
The role-related stress is a function of the individual's personality and job preparation. Perceived professional competence has been found to be a source of stress for many individuals. Individuals have been known to experience stress because of their lack of occupational confidence in a particular work or particular environment. Rapid changes in the world and technologies have caused individuals to feel incompetent and experience stress due to their inability to always remain current and up-to-date in their areas of expertise.
Job satisfaction and individual stress are found to be strongly correlated. The amount of stress and degree of job satisfaction experienced by individuals directly influence the quality of individual work life. A list of events revealed recently is closely related to individuals' life satisfaction that could affect their stress and performance at work. These events included marriage, divorce, pregnancy, death of a loved one, and change of residence.
According to the author of this passage, the term "stress" can be defined as______.
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Acid Rain
However, many advantages the industrial society brings us also have a down side. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is acid deposition due to power plants, fossil fuels and automobile emissions. Acid rain is the popular term but the scientists prefer the term acid deposition. Acid rain can have adverse effects on the environment by damaging forests and lakes, making it too difficult for many plants and animals to live.
Charles Angus Smith, an Englishman, was the first to suggest, in 1852, that sulfuric acid in Manchester, England, was causing metal to rust and dyed goods to fade. One source that causes acid rain is fossil fuel. This energy source contributes 23.1 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 20.5 million tons of nitrogen oxides to our atmosphere worldwide. When fossil fuels are ignited, such as oil and coal, they release carbon dioxide, a so-called greenhouse gas that traps heat within the earth's atmosphere, which causes global warming. Also, they release sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and metals such as mercury, aluminum into the atmosphere, which later can be carried a long distance from their source and be deposited as acid rain.
Forests are a complex ecosystem that involves trees, soil, water, the air, climate and other living organisms that support the community of wildlife: animals, birds, insects and plants. The countries most affected by acid rain are in Europe. Central Europe faces a much greater threat since it has a large amount of forest area and about 8% of German's forest face the lethal effect of acid rain. Acid rain kills about 50 million hectares of forest. Acid rain does not kill trees outright but weakens them to the point where they become susceptible to extremes of heat or cold, attacks from blight-causing or from inserts, and other environmental stresses.
When acid rain falls into lakes and rivers, it destroys all living things and populations of fish, aquatic plant life and microorganisms decline. Fish just goes extinct because they simply fail to reproduce and become less and less abundant, until they die out.
The result of acid rain is not only the destruction of forests and lakes, but also the corrosion of buildings and monuments. Almost every building of a major urban or industrial centre may be at risk from the corrosive effects of acid deposition and the rate of corrosion has increased dramatically in many urban areas. The Athenian monuments have got worst in the past 20～25 years as a result of pollution. Acid attack can also lead to stone decay through the creation of salt, which can crystallize and force apart mineral grains, causing the stone to disintegrate.
As our society gets more advanced, there is also the rising effect of pollution. To stop the effect we need to find alternative ways to remove or replace fossil fuel that is responsible for acid rain. The government needs to put stricter laws on the industries that pollute. People should find an efficient and alternative way to stop the pollution, because the effects of acid rain can be seen all round us, starling with forests and lakes, and in the heart of a city where the buildings and monuments are being eaten away by pollution.
According to the passage, acid rain is ______.
How we look probably worries us more ______ we are in our teens than at any other time in
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？
There are five basic 【C1】______ of a newspaper: to inform, to comment, to persuade, to instruct and to entertain. You may well think that this 【C2】______ of functions is in order of importance 【C3】______ , if so, you would not be in agreement with the 【C4】______ of the reading public.【C5】______ the two major groups of newspaper the popular and the quality, the former have a readership of millions, 【C6】______ the latter, only hundreds of thousands. Yet the popular papers seem largely 【C7】______ for entertainment, with quizzes, competitions, cartoons and lighthearted human interest stories. The information 【C8】______ is rather low, and instruction is very minor. The 【C9】______ newspapers put a much higher value on info rmation and a much lower one on 【C10】______ It is not only in【C11】______ that the two types of paper differ. There is a difference, too, in the style. in 【C12】______ the articles are written. The popular papers generally use more 【C13】______ language with a lot of word-play. Their journalists tend to use shorter sentences and avoid less【C14】______ vocabulary. This means that popular newspapers are 【C15】______ for a native speaker to understand, 【C16】______ probably not for a non-native speaker.
Popular papers are generally smaller with 【C17】______ columns per page. They have bigger headlines and more photographs. The articles are shorter and there are fewer per page. 【C18】______ devices are not only used to make the paper more attractive; they may also influence 【C19】______ the reader reads. Large headlines, pictures and position on the page all serve to 【C29】______ the reader's attention to one article rather than another.
【C1】
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