选做题I:
阅读下列关于美俄关系的材料
材料1
美国总统布什将于22日至28日进行为期一周的欧洲之行,访问德国、俄罗斯、法国,并到意大利出席北约——俄罗斯首脑会议。其中,23日至26日对俄罗斯的4天访问最为引人瞩目。届时,布什将与俄罗斯总统普京举行首脑会晤,双方将讨论反恐、地区冲突和双边关系等问题,并签署美俄削减进攻性战略武器条约和美俄新战略关系宣言。这是布什首次访问俄罗斯,也是他与普京之间的第五次会晤,双方对这次访问均给予高度重视。
两国的高级官员为起草此次首脑会晤的文件——美俄削减进攻性战略武器条约和美俄新战略关系宣言,进行了近6个月的准备,经过激烈的讨价还价,终于在会晤的前一周达成了协议,从而为两国首脑会晤扫清了障碍,同时也为美俄新战略关系奠定了基础。
——摘自《千龙新闻网》(2002-5-23)
材料2
2002年6月,美国正式退出美苏1972年签署的《反弹道导弹条约》。2002年12月11日,布什总统在白宫发表声明,正式宣布了美国部署NMD系统的计划,这是几十年来,美国弹道导弹防御计划的转折点,标志着这一计划进入实施阶段。
美国一再宣称,NMD系统是针对少数“歹徒”国家的,其部署陆基拦截导弹的数量远远超过朝鲜、伊拉克和伊朗在2015年可拥有能攻击美国本土的导弹的总和。俄罗斯的重新崛起需要时间,需要加快经济建设,提高经济实力。在这个时候,美国大张旗鼓地、咄咄逼人地发展NMD系统,对俄罗斯极为不利。俄罗斯国家杜马国际事物委员会主席德米特里.罗戈律说:“俄罗斯只能通过耗尽本国财力的代价才能进行这场竞赛”。
——摘自《中华网》(2004-9-30)
请回答:
(1)结合材料1说明美国当时对俄罗斯的政策及其原因。
(2)结合材料2说明美国当时对俄罗斯的政策及其原因。
(3)比较材料1、2的异同,并分析俄罗斯大国外交的调整和特点。
选做题II:
全球化不仅为可持续发展提供了机遇,同时也带来了挑战。我们承认,全球化和相互依赖为贸易、投资和资本流动、技术进步、包括信息技术的进步、世界经济增长、发展以及提高世界生活水平带来了新的机遇。与此同时,严峻的挑战依然存在,其中包括严重的经济危机、不安全、贫穷、排斥和社会中的不平等。发展中国家和转型期经济体国家面临着极为严峻的困难,它们很难应对这些挑战和机遇。全球化应具有充分的包容性和平等,尤其需要在国家和国际各级制定政策和采取措施,而且这些政策应在发展中国家和转型期经济体国家充分和切实有效地参与下拟定和实施,帮助它们对这些挑战和机遇做出切实有效的响应。
——摘自《可持续发展世界首脑会议实施计划》
试述经济全球化与可持续发展的关系,以及在可持续发展原则条件下经济全球化的构建。
On Nov. 21, power company executives from all over the country gathered in the Pit, a spacious General Electric auditorium in Crotonville, N. Y. , to meet with GE CEO Jeffrey R. Immelt and his team. The day was overcast and cold, but the discussion was about the warming climate. At one point in the meeting, David J. Slump, GE Energy's chief marketing executive, asked for an informal vote. How many of the 30 or so utility and GE business executives thought that, once President George W. Bush was no longer in office, the U. S. would impose mandatory curbs on the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases linked to global warming? Four out of five of them agreed. "Forget the science debate," says Cinergy Corp. CEO James E. Rogers, who was at the meeting. "The regulations will change someday. And if we're not ready, we're in trouble."
The world is changing faster than anyone expected. Not only is the earth warming, bringing more intense storms and causing Arctic ice to vanish, but the political and policy landscape is being transformed even more dramatically. Already, certain industries are facing mandatory limits emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in some of the 129 countries that have signed the Kyoto Protocol. This month representatives of those nations are gathering in Montreal to develop post-Kyoto plans. Meanwhile, U. S. cities and states are rushing to impose their own regulations.
A surprising number of companies in old industries such as oil and materials as well as high tech are preparing for this profoundly altered world. They are moving swiftly to measure and slash their greenhouse gas emissions. And they are doing it despite the Bush Administration's opposition to mandatory curbs.
This change isn't being driven by any sudden boardroom conversion to environmentalism. It's all about hard-nosed business calculations. "If we stonewall this thing to five years out, all of a sudden the cost to us and ultimately to our consumers can be gigantic," warns Rogers, who will manage 20 coal-fired power plants if Cinergy's pending merger with Duke Energy is completed next year.
One new twist in the whole discussion of global warming is the arrival of a corps of sharp penciled financiers. Bankers, insurers, and institutional investors have begun to tally the trillions of dollars in financial risks that climate change poses. They are now demanding that companies in which they hold stakes (or insure) add up risks related to climate change and alter their business plans accordingly. For utilities like Cinergy that could mean switching billions in planned investments from the usual coal-fired power plants to new, cleaner facilities.
The pressure is forcing more players to wrestle with environmental risks, even if the coming regulations aren't right around the corner. As the debate over climate change shifts from scientific data t6 business-speak such as "efficiency investment" and "material risk," CEOs are suddenly understanding why climate change is important. "It doesn't matter whether carbon emission reductions are mandated or not," explains David Struhs, vice-president of environmental affairs at International Paper Co. "Everything we' re doing makes sense to our shareholders and to our board, regardless of what direction the government takes." The nation's biggest paper company, with $25.5 billion in sales, IP has upped its use of wood waste to 20% of its fuel mix, from 13% in 2002. That's cut both net CO2 output and energy costs.
What was the conclusion of the meeting of power company executives on Nov. 21?
The age of Information Technology has taken a lot of people by surprise. While it has become a way of life for some, others know very little about it and may be unlikely to learn. Eventually we will have a polarized society and this will lead to serious social problems.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Write at least 200 words