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In Plato’s Utopia, there are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" mean in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato’s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules were unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed. Permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians. We can infer from the passage that the music "Lydian" sounds ______.
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Various innovations have been introduced as ways to break off our system which forces students through a series of identical classrooms in which teachers do most of the talking and students have little opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are team teaching and teacher aides, non-graded elementary and secondary schools, independent study, curricula focused on helping students discover things for themselves rather than on trying to tell them everything, and schools designed for maximum flexibility so that students can work alone, or in small groups, or take part in large group instruction via diverse media. The aim of all these innovations is to adapt instruction more precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to organizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new technology into the schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast differences in the ways students learn are disregarded when they are taught the same thing, in the same way, at the same time. There is no escaping the evidence that many students themselves feel little enthusiasm and even outright hostility for the present way schools and collages are organized and instruction is handled. Many of them resent technology, but what they object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large number of students. Or it is programming which merely reproduces conventional classroom responds and learns, reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of understanding. Technological media can store information until it is needed or wanted. They can distribute it over distances to reach the student where he happens to be. They can present the information to the student through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in many ways. In short, the student’s opportunities for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instructional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teacher, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning. The negative reactions of students to technology are the result of ______.
Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major (61) to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful (62) on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system (63) the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely the construction and (64) of most highways, the (65) of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily (66) for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation (67) are also the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private (68) in, many ways, for the (69) of assuring that business serves the best (70) of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a(n) (71) , such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable (72) , but limits their ability to raise prices (73) , since the public depends on their services. Often control is (74) to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of (75) in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust of inflation and depression, by (76) tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also (77) the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to (78) and individuals. For example, tariffs (79) certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to (80) better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.
请你论述多元智力理论的主要观点及其现实意义。
Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major (61) to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful (62) on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system (63) the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely the construction and (64) of most highways, the (65) of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily (66) for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation (67) are also the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private (68) in, many ways, for the (69) of assuring that business serves the best (70) of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a(n) (71) , such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable (72) , but limits their ability to raise prices (73) , since the public depends on their services. Often control is (74) to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of (75) in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust of inflation and depression, by (76) tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also (77) the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to (78) and individuals. For example, tariffs (79) certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to (80) better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.
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