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Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1)_____ of a developing underclass. Tests and (2)_____ with hundreds of people born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated file (3)_____ of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4)_____, low incomes, depression and social inactivity. Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for UP to four years less than good readers (5)_____ they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that today"s (6)_____ teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7)_____ jobs had shrunk. Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterday"s report had poor literacy and almost half (8)_____ with innumeracy, a proportion (9)_____ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a child"s book, and most found difficult (10)_____ written instruction. Poor readers were twice as likely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in this (11)_____ were five times as likely to be (12)_____ depressed, (13)_____ both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14)_____. Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15)_____ in any community organization and less likely than others to (16)_____ in a general election. There had been no (17)_____ in the literary level of (18)_____. Alan Wells, the agency"s director, said: "The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19)_____ depressed and often labeled themselves as (20)_____. There is a circle of marginalization, with the dice against these people and their families."
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教师职业在国家或民族政治生活中所处的地位和所起的作用，体现了教师职业的______
Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1)_____ of a developing underclass. Tests and (2)_____ with hundreds of people born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated file (3)_____ of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4)_____, low incomes, depression and social inactivity. Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for UP to four years less than good readers (5)_____ they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that today"s (6)_____ teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7)_____ jobs had shrunk. Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterday"s report had poor literacy and almost half (8)_____ with innumeracy, a proportion (9)_____ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a child"s book, and most found difficult (10)_____ written instruction. Poor readers were twice as likely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in this (11)_____ were five times as likely to be (12)_____ depressed, (13)_____ both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14)_____. Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15)_____ in any community organization and less likely than others to (16)_____ in a general election. There had been no (17)_____ in the literary level of (18)_____. Alan Wells, the agency"s director, said: "The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19)_____ depressed and often labeled themselves as (20)_____. There is a circle of marginalization, with the dice against these people and their families."
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. This work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.B. Besides pay, her study also looked at the "glass-ceiling" effect—namely that at all stages of a woman"s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman" to settle into a professorial chair.C. Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institute"s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up.D. Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglia"s school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year"s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around ￡1,500 ($2,850) a year.E. To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr Connolly attributes to discrimination.F. That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men"s and women"s lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking "career breaks" to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over ￡4,000 a year more than female ones.G. Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies, Dr Connolly"s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise, in other words, delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.Order: The first paragraph is C and G is the last.
Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1)_____ of a developing underclass. Tests and (2)_____ with hundreds of people born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated file (3)_____ of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4)_____, low incomes, depression and social inactivity. Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for UP to four years less than good readers (5)_____ they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that today"s (6)_____ teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7)_____ jobs had shrunk. Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterday"s report had poor literacy and almost half (8)_____ with innumeracy, a proportion (9)_____ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a child"s book, and most found difficult (10)_____ written instruction. Poor readers were twice as likely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in this (11)_____ were five times as likely to be (12)_____ depressed, (13)_____ both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14)_____. Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15)_____ in any community organization and less likely than others to (16)_____ in a general election. There had been no (17)_____ in the literary level of (18)_____. Alan Wells, the agency"s director, said: "The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19)_____ depressed and often labeled themselves as (20)_____. There is a circle of marginalization, with the dice against these people and their families."
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