题目内容
In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the "Denny Doodlebyg Problem." Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times I any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly West of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct.
The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior. in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug—where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us—imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior. in societies whose codes have to yet been deciphered. And where even those who obey these Codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.
We acquire the greater part of our cultural codes by ______.
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Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old (or Anglo-Saxon)English, Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D, though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the seventh century or a bit later. By that time, Latin, Old Norse(the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the vocabulary, and the well-developed inflectional (词尾变化的) system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down.
The period of Middle English extends roughly form. the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French(and Latin, often by way of French)upon the vocabulary continued throughout the period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others accelerated, and many changes took place within the grammatical systems of the language. A bypical prose passage, specially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as the prose of Old English, but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either.
The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in vowel distribution that had be gun in late Middle English and that effectively brought the language to something resembling its present pattern. Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin, and to a lesser extent, Greek on the vocabulary. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word stock.
The earliest written record of English available to us started ______.
听力原文： Do you know America's most famous woman is the Goddess of liberty, i. e. , the Statue of Liberty？ It was conceived in 1865 by Edouard de Laboulaye and designed by another Frenchman, Frederic Bartoldi. They wanted to honor liberty and friendship.
It was hoped that the monument would be completed by 1876 when America celebrated its centennial. Fund raising and manufacture of the statue in France went slowly. It was 1885 when the 214 crates containing the statue reached New York.
Americans were initially embarrassed for they had not raised the money to pay for the erection of the base. Fund raising by popular subscription was behind schedule. One fund raising method used was to have popular Americans write letters which were then auctioned off. Mark Twain wrote a "tongue-in-cheek" letter suggesting that Miss Liberty didn't deserve a statue.
The base and statue, together 272 feet tall, were completed in 1886. From a technical standpoint, the statue is a marvel. The inner structure was designed by the French engineer, Alexandre Eiffel. His design for the stressed copper skin of the statue anticipated many of the principle utilized in modern aircraft.
After a century, the monument began to show signs of deterioration. Just as Frenchmen had created the Statue, so it was with renovation. A Frenchman noted the decay and French and American craftsmen and contributions brought about the renewal of the Statue in time for its centennial. Liberty is still popular in France and the United States.
Mark Twain's letter about the Statue of Liberty ______.
If you are told that God used to be a woman, you may find it preposterous, right？ If you think so, it's time to sit back and review the evidence. But be careful. You risk shaking the entire foundation of your belief system and perhaps even worse, recognizing how badly you've been duped. Women have demanded equal rights on the job and in the home, but Heaven has still remained a patriarchy. Or has it？
In actuality, there is a groundswell movement throughout this country taking note of enormous archaeological evidence which indicates that at one time, God was not thought of as male, but as a woman. Revered for centuries, she was the Great Mother who gave birth to all life in the universe. She was no virgin queen, but the fertile vessel of sexuality and creativity regarded as both sacred and central.
The first archaeological finds in this area were made as early as the 1800s by J. J. Bachoffen. Being both male and chauvinistic to boot, he sloughed it off as primitive cultures exercising primitive beliefs. Recent evidence, however, has begun to sing a different tune. New archaeological findings reveal that far from primitive, these early mother-worshipping societies seemed to have everything necessary for civilization. From art to sanitation, they created, farmed, manufactured and governed within cultures that were as advanced as the early Greek states. In fact, only one thing was absent from their societies; warfare. Their cities, though equipped with everything from temples to drainpipes, had a distinct absence of defensive walls, their gravesites a remark able absence of weapons. By all counts, evidence shows they were both advanced and peaceful, a combination which may seem as startling as the concept of a feminine god.
God was the Great Mother, and being a mom, the values she espoused were ones you would expect from a good mother. Nurturing, cooperation, and an acute reverence for life seemed to be the foundation of these mother-centered religions.
The workshop of this feminine creatress was not limited to a single isolated geographic area. In fact, though worshipped under different names such as Ishtar, Inanna, Isis and Kali, the Great Mother was the central deity of vast regions encompassing Central Europe, the Mediterranean, and India. These mother-worship ping cultures were stable and thrived for at least 2,500 years. Within them, women had power and prestige in both government and religion. Family name and property were passed through the lineage of the mother. Yet, despite these facts, there is no archaeological evidence that there was an oppression of males. Quite the contrary, the games and activities depicted in their art indicates a valuing of both genders, as well as an equality and trust between them. However, because they were reflections of the Great Mother herself, women did tend to function as the primary leadership. They seemed to do well in this capacity; the cultures they ruled flourished.
Changes came to these cultures between 2000 and 1000 B. C. , when they were destabilized by a series of natural disasters in the form. of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Simultaneously, Northern nomads began to migrate south. These warlike Indo-European tribes (also known as Aryans), though generally less culturally advanced, were fiercer and larger in stature than their agrarian neighbors. They were quite advanced in warfare and weaponry, seeming to actually worship these pursuits. Many of their religious motifs centered around the blade, which they obviously regarded as sacred. They had horses and war chariots as well, which gave them a lightning like strike capacity. Already weakened by geographic cataclysm, and untrained as they were in war fare, the goddess societies were no match for the invading tribes. Whole cultures were decimated by these brutal invaders.
The conquerors had brought a male dominated religion. The once ruling Great Mother was reduced
听力原文：M: I'd like to make an appointment to see Dr. Smith tomorrow.
W: I'm sorry. Dr. Smith went on a one-week vacation in Mexico, and on his way back he'll be staying in California for 5 days. Let me see. He'll probably be back the day after tomorrow.
Q: Where is Dr. Smith now？
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