题目内容
SECTION 3
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Many microorganisms survive such environmental stresses as heat, cold
and desiccation not by rapid rates of mitosis, but by producing specialized cells
designed to persist in a dormant state in hostile environments. Most fungi, for
example, yield single-celled spores, which, through wind distribution, can
(5) survive for long periods of time before germinating and sprouting fungal
filaments of their own. Other types of bacteria produce a special type of spore
called an endospore, capable of withstanding such extremes as boiling and
freezing temperatures, and even ultraviolet radiation.
Though research results remain tentative, several factors may protect
(10) endospores from environmental stress: they have a low water content, unusual
proteins and a tough spore coat absent in mature bacterial cells. When garden
fruits and vegetables, which may contain botulism endospores, are preserved by
canning at boiling temperatures, we know that these spores survive the heat
and sprout in the food, and as a result, the bacteria generate the botulism toxin
(15) that can lead to food poisoning—proof of their magnificent resilience.
The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
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It may be ______ to obtain soap that is not antibacterial, given its ______ as a household
The request to censor the art work of criminals, to which the courts sometimes surrender,
Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role
in the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-
Victorian women's writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless, but
from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless
(5) mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious
structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating
imagination from the self is impossible.
The Female Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in
literature, spoke of the "female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but
(10) neglected women's culture." Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer
seeks within herself "the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest
fish slumber," inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to Confront
"something about the body, about the passions." Accessible to men and women
alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of
(15) writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the
subordinating, linear style. of classification or distinction.
It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that
feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance, they avoided defining
exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then
(20) categorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchal
structure—its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its
identity. Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the
surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of
female experience, which also bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may
(25) try their hand at writing woman's bodies, but according to the feminist
critique, only. a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these
texts successfully—a position which, worst of all, risked marginalization of
women's literature and theory.
Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems, by
(30) agreeing that women's literature lay as the central concern for feminist
criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style,
while simultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing a
Pre-Oedipal phase wherein the daughter's bond to her mother inscribes the key
factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts
(35) and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of
Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads. Lastly and most promising in its
achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-arching gender
theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction
built on biological differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological
(40) inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system, opening up the
literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist
theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analytic category brings feminist
criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study
of women.
Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage？
Crosby's recent study of American historical demography is blithely based
on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often
excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain
information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally
(5) difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the
exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once
conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern
countryside of interchangeable towns unlike "modern" flows to cities.
As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the
(10) small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish
could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought
that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to
life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners
themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those
(15) of more sedimentary populations.
In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
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