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A．A beginner doesn't need any equipment but a wet suit.B．Wearing a helmet can protect
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A．It is a serious endemic disease in some areas of northwest China.B．It may lead to br
Just as human history has been shaped by the rise and fall of successive empires, so the computer industry has, in the few decades of its existence, been dominated by one large company after another. During the mainframe. era, IBM wore the crown. But it fumbled the transition to smaller machines in the personal-computer era, and the throne was usurped by Microsoft. Now, at the dawn of the new era of Internet services, Google is widely seen as the heir to the kingdom. As the upstart has matured into a powerful industry giant, the suggestion that "Google is the new Microsoft" has become commonplace in computing circles. Is it true？
The comparison is both a compliment and a reproach. It is a compliment because it implies that Google has now become the company that defines the environment in which other technology firms operate, just as IBM and Microsoft once did. As with Microsoft in its heyday, Google is the technology firm where the smartest geeks aspire to work; it embodies the technological zeitgeist; and it is a highly regarded company that has become a household name. But the comparison is also a reproach, because it highlights growing concern that Google is now powerful for its own good, or that of the industry, or indeed that of the world at large.
For many people, Google provides the front door to the internet. For many online businesses, their position in its search ranking—the workings of which are a closely guarded secret—is a matter of life or death. Too much power is thus concentrated in Google's hands, say critics, including Microsoft's Bill Gates. Microsoft and other big internet firms, including eBay, Amazon and Yahoo!, are now said to be negotiating various alliances in order to provide a counterweight to the new behemoth. Smaller firms feel even more vulnerable. As soon as Google says it is moving into a particular market, small fry in that market now dart for cover, unless they are lucky enough to be acquired by Google.
Yet there are some crucial ways in which Google differs from Microsoft. For a start, it is a far more innovative company, and its use of small, flexible teams has so far allowed it to remain innovative even as it has grown. Microsoft, in contrast, has stagnated as a result of its size and dominance. It is least innovative in the markets in which it faces the least competition—operating system, office software and web browser—though it is, curiously, still capable of innovating in markets in which it has strong rivals (notably video gaming).
More important, however, are the differences that suggest that Google will not be able to establish an IBM—or—Microsoft-style. lock on the industry. IBM's dominance was based on its ownership of the proprietary hardware and software of its mainframe. computers. In the PC era hardware became commodity and Microsoft established a lucrative monopoly centered on its proprietary operating system, Windows. But in the new era of internet services, open standards predominate, rivals are always just a click away, and there is far less scope for companies to establish a proprietary lock-in.
Try to avoid using Microsoft's software for a day, particularly if you work in an office, and you will have difficulty; but surviving a day without Google is relatively easy. It has strong competitors in all the markets in which it operates: search, online advertising, mapping, software services, and so on. Large firms such as Yahoo!, which previously farmed searches out to Google, have switched to other technologies. Google's market share in search has fallen from a high of around 80% to around 50% today. Perhaps the clearest evidence that Google's continued dominance is not inevitable in the fate of Alta Vista, the former top dog in internet search. Who remembers it to today？
Without a proprietary lock-in to protect its dominant position, Google will have to work hard to stay on top. And that, ultimately, is where the co
Which of the following does not support the statement "Yet there are some crucial ways in
Part B Listening Comprehension
Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
听力原文：Man: Were conditions in coal mines in the nineteenth century really as bad as people imagine？
Woman: Well, up to the middle of the nineteenth century at least, miners did work in terrible conditions, even worse than most people imagine probably. And of course it wasn't only the men who had to work in the mines—most mining families were so poor, you see, that the women and children had to go down the mine as well. Now the men had the job of actually digging the coal out, which meant that sometimes they had to crouch doubled up in tiny tunnels and dig away at the coal face. And the women had the job of face, such as carrying the coal away, and in the very early days they actually had to carry the coal in sacks on their backs from the coal face all the way up to the surface, up steep ladders.
Man: What about the children？
Woman: Well, they could use horses in the widest tunnels. When the tunnels were*too low for the horses, then they used file children instead, and these children had to pull trucks of coal, weighing, ooh, sometimes as much as half a ton or a ton along passages that were only a few feet high, and the owners sometimes made the children work for 12 hours or more at a time, and they made them stay down the mine underground all that time, and they didn't let them have breaks for food or anything like that. They just had to work. And this was really the worst part of it, that the mine owners had complete power, you see, they could do whatever they liked. If they wanted to, they could make them work longer hours and there wasn't really anything the miners could do about it, and this went on for quite a long time, partly because mining communities were so isolated that people didn't realise that mine owners were making children do the terrible jobs, and later when the public did find out about it, people began to raise objections.
Man: So then laws were introduced. Were they to make it illegal to use children？
Woman: Yes that's right, in the 1840s, But the interesting thing was that even when they did know what was happening, people weren't so worried about children having to work in mines, the main tiling they objected to was women and young girls working in the mines with men, which they thought was immoral. You see, it was very hot down the mines and so the miners wore very few clothes, and people found this very shocking. And that was why after the first law was passed in 1842, children were still allowed to work underground for several more years.
Man: Of course at that time I suppose there were no unions of anything like that—the miners had no power at all？
Woman: No, none at all, at first. In fact at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were actually laws called Combination Laws. Now according to these laws, workers weren't allowed to join together in any way to fight for more pay or shorter hours or better working conditions, and if they did so, those responsible would be arrested and put into prison. And it was only later that the miners were actually allowed to form. unions, and of course this made an enormous difference, because then the owners had to start improving conditions and introduce safety measures—but it all happened very slowly and things didn't really start to improve until very late in the nineteenth century.
Questions:
1.What work did men have to do in coal mines in the early nineteenth century？
2.According to the woman, why were children used in coal mines？
3.What was the main thing that people objected to when they knew what w
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