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高速公路路床部分土基的压实度要求为95%。 ()
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Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people 'who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence, an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads axe motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice Of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one per son and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
The author thinks that pull factors ______ .
听力原文： A plane with more than 150 people on board has crashed in a remote part of northwestern Venezuela. A rescue effort is underway. The Venezuelan Interior Minister Jesse Chacon said the pilot had reported engine problems and asked to make an emergency landing in Venezuela. From Caracas lain Bruce reports.
"It was at 3:07 a.m. local time that the Colombian airliner with 152 people on board reported mechanical problems with one of its engines. Venezuelan air traffic controllers say they lost contact with the plane some minutes later. Shortly afterwards, witnesses reported a large explosion in the Perija Hill near Venezuela's border with Columbia. The president of Venezuela's National Aviation Institute Francisco Paz said the crash site was located between two ranches in the area known as L. and N. Rescue teams from the city of Maracaibo have been sent to the scene by air and by land."
What has happened in Venezuela, according to the news？
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it's amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they
mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified？ Are we any less blood - thirsty？ Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest？ Don't the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence？ Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them a live, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting. It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull - fighting, that we should be pre pared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of the sporting spirit is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing pro longed torture and violence. Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much？ You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were Common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author's opinion of nowadays' human beings is ______.
SECTION A CONVERSATIONS
Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文：M: Hi, Sarah. What's up？
W: Oh, hi, I just got out a history class. I had to give a presentation.
M: How did it go？
W: Terribly. I'm sure I made a fool of myself.
M: Why？ Weren't you prepared？
W: No, it was not that. I just get so embarrassed and nervous whenever I have to speak in front of a group of people. I stand up and my face gets red and then I get even more nervous because ] know everyone can see me blushing.
M: It's not so bad to blush.
W: But it happens all the time. If the professor asks a question and I know the answer, I blush like crazy if he calls on me. Doesn't that ever happen to you？
M: No, not really. Maybe you should just try to forget about the people. Look at something else in the room like the exit sign.
W: I guess I could try that but I doubt it'll help.
M: You know, we talked about it in psychology class. Blushing, even thought it's involuntary, is more or less a learned behavior.
W: What do you mean？
M: Oh, children hardly ever blush at all. And among adults, supposedly, women blush more than men.
W: I wonder why？
M: I don't know, but I have a friend at high schools, Brian Smith. It was really easy to make him blush. He turned red whenever a waitress would ask him for his order.
W: I'm not that bad. Well, I've got to get going for my next class. I'll talk to you later.
What was the woman's problem？
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