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产品从下生产线开始，经过包装、装卸搬运、储存、流通加工、运输、配送，最后送到用户或消费者手中的物流活动是指()。
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Carad Co is an electronics company which makes two types of televisions – plasma screen TVs and LCD TVs. It operates within a highly competitive market and is constantly under pressure to reduce prices. Carad Co operates a standard costing system and performs a detailed variance analysis of both products on a monthly basis. Extracts from the management information for the month of November are shown below:
Notes
(1) The budgeted total sales volume for TVs was 1,180 units, consisting of an equal mix of plasma screen TVs and LCD screen TVs. Actual sales volume was 750 plasma TVs and 650 LCD TVs. Standard sales prices are $350 per unit for the plasma TVs and $300 per unit for the LCD TVs. The actual sales prices achieved during November were $330 per unit for plasma TVs and $290 per unit for LCD TVs. The standard contributions for plasma TVs and LCD TVs are $190 and $180 per unit respectively.
(2) The sole reason for this variance was an increase in the purchase price of one of its key components, X. Each plasma TV made and each LCD TV made requires one unit of component X, for which Carad Co’s standard cost is $60 per unit. Due to a shortage of components in the market place, the market price for November went up to $85 per unit for X. Carad Co actually paid $80 per unit for it.
(3) Each plasma TV uses 2 standard hours of labour and each LCD TV uses 1·5 standard hours of labour. The standard cost for labour is $14 per hour and this also reflects the actual cost per labour hour for the company’s permanent staff in November. However, because of the increase in sales and production volumes in November, the company also had to use additional temporary labour at the higher cost of $18 per hour. The total capacity of Carad’s permanent workforce is 2,200 hours production per month, assuming full efficiency. In the month of November, the permanent workforce were wholly efficient, taking exactly 2 hours to complete each plasma TV and exactly 1·5 hours to produce each LCD TV. The total labour variance therefore relates solely to the temporary workers, who took twice as long as the permanent workers to complete their production.
Required:
(a) Calculate the following for the month of November, showing all workings clearly:
(i) The sales price variance and sales volume contribution variance; (6 marks)
(ii) The material price planning variance and material price operational variance; (2 marks)
(iii) The labour rate variance and the labour efficiency variance. (7 marks)
(b) Explain the reasons why Carad Co would be interested in the material price planning variance and the material price operational variance. (5 marks)
既要充分考虑运输、仓储等空间的利用，储存保护及搬运的可操作性，又要顾及使用者的便利性的销售物流环节是()。
下面品牌的销售模式属于直销的是()。
在财产清查中发现账外设备一台，估计原值20 000元，现值12 000元。
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