题目内容
After a long war between England and Spain from 1588 to 1603, England renewed attempts to colonize North America. In 1606, two charters were granted—one to a group of Londoners, the other to merchants of Plymouth and other western port town. The London Company was given the right to settle the southern part of the English territory in America; the Plymouth Company was given jurisdiction over the northern part.
So two widely separated colonies were established in 1607: one at Sagadahoc, near the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine; the other in modern Virginia. Those who survived the winter in the northern colony gave up and went home, and the colony established at Jamestown won the hard-earned honor of being the first permanent English settlement in America.
Hard-earned indeed! When the London Company landed three tiny vessels at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in 1607, 105 people disembarked to found the Jamestown Colony. Easily distracted by futile "get rich quick" schemes, they actually sent shiploads of mica and yellow ore back to England in 1607 and 1608. Before the news reached their ears that their treasure was worthless "fool's gold," disease, starvation, and misadventure had taken a heavy toll: 67 of the original 105 Jamestown settlers died in the first year.
The few remaining survivors (one of whom was convicted of cannibalism) were joined in 1609 by 800 new arrivals, sent over by the reorganized and renamed Virginia Company. By the following spring, frontier hardships had cut the number of settlers from 838 to 60. That summer, those who remained were round fleeing down river to return home to England by new settlers with fresh supplies, who encouraged them to reconsider. This was Virginia's "starving time”.
Inadequately supplied and untutored in the art of colonization, the earliest frontier pioneers routinely suffered and died. In 1623, a royal investigation of the Virginia experience was launched in the wake of an Indian attack that took the lives of 500 settlers. The investigation reported that of the 6,000 who had migrated to Virginia since 1607, 4,000 had died. The life expectancy of these hardy settlers upon arriving was two years.
The heavy human costs of first settlement were accompanied by substantial capital losses. Without exception, the earliest colonial ventures were unprofitable. Indeed, they were financial disasters. Neither the principal nor the interest on the Virginia Company's accumulated investment of more than ￡200,000 was ever repaid (approximately $20,000,000 in today's values). The investments in New England were l
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Which of the following is NOT tree about the Jamestown colony？
Stupendous prices were paid in a historic sale of 19th- and 20th-century avant-garde paintings collected over a lifetime by John Hay Whitney and his wife, Betsy Cushing Whitney,
Picasso's "Garcon à la Pipe" (Boy With a Pipe), painted in 1905, shot up to $104.1 million at Sotheby's during a protracted bidding match over the telephone. That is nearly twice the previous record for the artist: the $55 million paid for "La Femme aux Bras Croisés" at Christie's New York in November 2000.
The huge figure reflects the double iconic value that the portrait derived from its mastery and from the aura of its owners, the very patrician Whitneys. The portrait is perhaps the artist's ultimate achievement. Constantly hailed as the giant of modem art, Picasso was probably at his greatest when working under the spell of Old Masters. The rigorous composition, the color balance and the profound psychological probe of the young sitter place the likeness in a category that begins with Italian Renaissance portraitists and continues tight through the 19th century with Corot and Degas.
Bought by Whitney in 1950, the painting was seen at distant intervals in major exhibitions dealing with the artist, from the 1967 Grand Palais retrospective in Paris to the 1996 portrait show at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The portrait was thus both famous in art history and forgotten. This maximized its impact.
Not least, "Garcon à la Pipe" epitomized the taste of connoisseurs of the old school who bought on the strength of their convictions, not on advice. They collected for the sake of the art, neither for investment—they were already rich—nor to achieve social status, which they had by birth. In short, the Whitney sale marked the end of an era when the old cultivated elite of the Western world dominated the art market.
Buyers sensed the unique character of the occasion. They responded to pictures that played each other up, linked by affinities that went beyond style. or school.
Edouard Manet's "Les Courses au Bois de Boulogne" (Races in the Bois de Boulogne) is as important regarding the Impressionist's painting as "Garcon" is within Picasso's oeuvre. The complex composition worthy of 17th-century masters is combined with a sketchiness in much of the detail that already heralds the march toward Abstractionism.
The forward thrust of the horses in the foreground and the tense postures of their riders give the picture a vigor and an authority it shares with the Picasso. And like Picasso's portrait, it owes a soothing harmony to its color balance. The Manet brought $26.3 million—a figure deemed disappointing by some only because market prices are at an all-time high.
The same combination of boldness in composition and harmony in the color scheme can again be detected in Claude Monet's "Bateaux Sur le Galet" (Boats on the Strand), painted in 1004. Here too the work is unusual. The thrust of the Brush strokes that define the boats and the close-up view of hulls that seem to burst out of the space in which they are lodged create an Expressionist effect. At $4.46 million, the rare masterpiece was worth every peony of it.
With remarkable consistency, Whitney sought and found similar characteristics in the work of artists that seemed least likely to display them. Odilon Redon's admirable still life of flowers in a vase seems compressed in a space too small to contain it. Painted in oil rather than drawn in pastel, the still life has a brilliance in its color harmony that is quite unusual. Curiously, "Fleurs Dans un Vase Vert" cost a comparatively moderate $1.68 million. It was not obvious enough in the context of that evening's sale.
The collector's versatility where style, school and period were concerned was exceptional. He apparently bought with equal relish some paintings as extraordinarily advanced for their time as others seem rooted in timeless classicism.
"Nature Mo
The new therapy
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： European Union foreign ministers are putting pressure on Turkey to recognize Cyprus if Ankara expects to ever join the 25-nation bloc. Turkey is to begin negotiations on October 3 that could eventually lead to EU membership for the predominately Muslim nation of 70 million people. But Ankara's refusal to recognize the government of Cyprus—an EU member—has east a shadow over the process. Further complicating matters are recent referendums in France and the Netherlands, in which voters rejected an EU constitution, partly out of concern about Turkey joining the Union.
One suggestion is to offer Turkey something less than full EU membership, a proposal tacitly backed by Austrian Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik. However, Turkey rejects anything but full EU membership. Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul says the idea of a so-called privileged partnership with the EU, is in his words, "illegitimate and immoral."
What presents a barrier to Turkey's joining the EU？
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