题目内容
Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Some say that manufacturing is special, because the rest of the economy depends on it. In fact, the economy is more like a network in which everything is connected to everything else, and in which every producer is also a consumer. The important distinction is not between manufacturing and services, but between productive and unproductive jobs.Some manufacturers accept that, but move immediately to another argument: the current crisis is needlessly endangering productive, highly skilled manufacturing jobs. Nowadays each link in the supply chain depends on all the others. The car industry argues that the loss of GM would permanently damage the North American supply chain. They say aid can save good firms to fight another day. Although some supply chains have bottlenecks, that is a weak general argument for sectoral (经济领域的) aid. As a rule, suppliers with several customers, and customers with several suppliers, should be livelier than if they were dependent on a large group. The evidence from China is that today's lack of demand creates the spare capacity that allows customers to find a new supplier quickly if the old one goes out of business. When it is hard to get a new one, because a parts supplier is highly specialized, say, good management is likely to be more effective than state aid. The best firms monitor their important suppliers closely and buy parts from more than one source, even if it costs money. In the extreme cases, firms can support weak suppliers by helping them raise cash or by investing in them.If sectoral aid is wasteful, why then save the banking system? Not for the sake of the bankers, certainly nor because state aid will create an efficient financial industry. Even bank rescues and stimulus plans (激励政策) are aimed at the roots of the economy's problems: saving the banks, no matter how undeserving they are, is supposed to keep finance flowing to all firms; fiscal stimulus is supposed to lift demand across the board. As manufacturing breaks down, governments should not toy with sectoral plans. Their proper task is broader but not less urgent: to get on with spending and with free finance.
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