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程序设计语言可划分为低级语言和高级语言两大类。与高级语言相比，用低级语言开发的程序，其 (1) ，但在 (2) 的场合，还经常全部或部分地使用低级语言。在低级语言中，汇编语言与机器语言十分接近，它使用了 (3) 来提高程序的可读性。高级语言有很多种类，其中，PROLOG是一种 (4) 型语言，它具有很强的 (5) 能力。 (2)
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With only about 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A＆M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called "Noah’s Ark". Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A＆M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, says he salutes the Chinese effort and "I wish them all the best success possible. It’s a worthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A＆M—to save animals from extinction. " Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future. It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years. This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal. The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete. "The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem," Kraemer believes. "They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort , "adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A＆M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog. "They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed. \ The word "groundbreaking"(Paragraph 7) can be interpreted as______.
There’s a human liver sitting in a lab dish in Madison, Wis. Also a heart, a brain and every bone in the human body even though the contents of the dish are a few cells too small to be seen without a microscope. But these are stem cells, the most immature human cells ever discovered, taken from embryos before they had decided upon their career path in the body. (46) If scientists could only figure out how to give them just the right kick in just the right direction, each could become a liver, a heart, a brain or a bone. (47) When a team from the University of Wisconsin announced their discovery, doctors around the world looked forward to a new era of medicine one without organ-donor shortages or the tissues-rejection problems that bedevil transplant patients today.Doctors also saw obstacles, though. One of them was a U. S. Congress skittish about research on stem cells taken from unwanted human embryos and aborted fetuses. Indeed, 70 lawmakers asked in a firmly worded letter that the Federal Government ban all such work.Yet the era of "grow your own" organs is already upon us, as researchers have sidestepped the stem cell controversy by making clever use of ordinary cells. Today a machinist in Massachusetts is using his own cells to grow a new thumb after he lost part of his chest wall in an accident. A teenager born without half of his chest wall is growing a new cage of bone and cartilage within his chest cavity. Scientists announced that bladders, grown from bladder cells in a lab, have been implanted in dogs and are working. Meanwhile, patches of skin, the first "tissue-engineered" organ to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, are healing sores and skin ulcers on hundreds of patients across the U. S.How have scientists managed to do all this without those protean stem cells Part of the answer is smart engineering. (48) Using materials such as polymers with pores no wider than a toothbrush bristle, researchers have learned to sculpt scaffolds in shapes into which cells can settle. The other part of the answer is just plain cell biology. (49) Scientists have discovered that they don’t have to teach old cells new tricks; given the right framework and the right nutrients, cells will organize themselves into real tissues as the scaffolds dissolve. "I’m a great believer in the cells. They’re not just lying there, looking stupidly at each other," says Francois Auger, an infectious disease specialist and builder of artificial blood vessels at Laval University in Quebec City. "They will do the work for you if you treat them right."Replacement hearts—or even replacement heart parts—are at least a decade off, estimates Kiki Hellman, who monitors tissue-engineering efforts for the FDA. "Any problem that requires lots of cell types ’talking’ to one another is really hard," she notes. Bone and cartilage efforts are much closer to fruition, and could be ready for human trials within two years. (50) And what of those magical stem cells that can grow into any organ you happen to need—if the law and biologists’ knowledge permit "Using them," says Sefton, "is really the Holy Grail.\ When a team from the University of Wisconsin announced their discovery, doctors around the world looked forward to a new era of medicine one without organ-donor shortages or the tissues-rejection problems that bedevil transplant patients today.
一、注意事项 1．申论考试，是对分析驾驭材料的能力、解决问题能力、语言文字表达能力的测试。 2．作答参考时限：阅读资料40分钟，作答110分钟。 3．仔细阅读给定的资料，按照后面提出的“申论要求”依次作答。 二、给定资料 “海尔”，中国家电业的骄子，世界电器行业新升起的一颗巨星。其产品占有国内家电市场份额的30%以上并出口美国、加拿大、比利时、德国等国家，仅在美国就占有家电市场份额的20%。 “海尔”的成功，引起国内外的广泛关注。国内外众多的媒体都曾进行高频率的报道。 假如你是省经贸委的工作人员，需要你通过“海尔”的成功，探询其成功的奥秘，从而为国有企业与市场经济相结合提出有见地的方案和对策。 (1)1984年，两个濒临倒闭的集体小厂合并成立了青岛电冰箱总厂，由当时担任青岛市家电公司副经理的张瑞敏出任厂长。当时，各种牌号的电冰箱挤满了市场，国外产品蜂拥而入。尽管市场上中国自己的冰箱品牌不少，但没有真正意义上的“名牌冰箱”。名牌还几乎是洋货的代名词。于是，张瑞敏果断提出，“要么不干，要干就要争第一，创名牌”。到厂后，张瑞敏做了一件使全体职工致死也会刻骨铭心的事：将76台劣质电冰箱当众砸毁，并宣布，从他到所有的管理人员全部受罚。从此，全厂职工悟出了一个简单而又深刻的道理：质量是企业的生命，生产劣质产品等于砸自己的饭碗。 (2)1985年，以“琴岛――利勃海尔”命名的电冰箱正式投放市场，很快以高质量、高技术赢得广大消费者的信任。1987年，海尔被48家大型商场联合推举为最受消费者欢迎产品电冰箱类第一名。1989年，原材料价格失控，其他冰箱品牌纷纷降价促销，许多冰箱厂关、停、转的情况下，海尔冰箱始终畅销不衰。 (3)1991年，青岛电冰箱总厂兼并了青岛电冰柜厂和青岛空调器厂，组建了由张瑞敏任总裁的海尔集团公司。冷柜总公司和空调器总公司都是独立的利润中心。集团分别向他们选派了主要领导，投入了适量资金，并输人海尔管理模式。两厂迅速起死回生。1995年7月，青岛政府决定将青岛红星电器股份有限公司整体划归海尔集团，这标志海尔正式进入洗衣机领域。12月，海尔又出资收购了武汉希岛实业股份有限公司60%的股权，成立了武汉海尔电器股份有限公司。 (4)1992年，海尔举债8000万元买了720亩地，决定筹建海尔工业园。 1993年，海尔将经过股份制改造的海尔电冰箱股份有限公司在上海交易所上市，筹得资金3.69亿元。靠着启动资金边投资、边建设、边设计，成片开发、滚动发展。仅用3年即建成了中国目前最大的家电生产基地。 (5)1996年，海尔实现销售收入62亿元、利税3.1亿元。这一年世界500强最后一名企业的年销售额折合成人民币是700亿元，是海尔的十几倍。 (6)海尔的组织结构是：集团下辖冰箱事业发展部、冷柜事业发展部、洗衣机事业发展部、空调事业发展部、金融事业发展部及生物工程事业发展部，事业发展部下辖若干事业分部。集团为投资中心，事业部为利润中心，事业分部为成本中心。 (7)1999年，海尔开始实施国际化战略，目标是使海尔成为国际名牌，进入世界500强。 (8)2000年4月5日，张瑞敏在世界商学院高级经理人教育联盟在亚洲举办的年会的闭幕式上做了《海尔的竞争优势在于创新》的主题报告。主要观点如下： ――只有淡季的思想，没有淡季的市场。海尔不仅生产出洗涤5公斤衣物的洗衣机，还生产出节水节电的洗涤1.5公斤衣物的“小小神童洗衣机”，远销日本和韩国。 ――用户的难题就是我们的难题。 ――企业就像斜坡上的小球，向下滑落是它的本性。要想使它往上移动，需要两个作用力：一个是止动力，保证它不向下滑，这好比企业的基础工作；一个是拉动力，促使它往上移动，这好比企业的创新能力。且两个动力缺一不可。 ――赛马不相马。我们缺乏的不是人才，而是出人才的机制。海尔在人力资源方面的一个基本做法是“赛马”而非传统的“相马”。即给海尔的每一位员工(上至副总裁下至普通员工)创造一个发挥才能的机会和公平竞争的环境，从而使企业整体充满活力。 ――国际化就是本土化。即当地设计、当地制造、当地销售以及当地融资、当地融智。如在美国，海尔在洛杉矶建立了设计中心，在南卡罗来州建立了生产工厂，在纽约建立了营销公司，三位一体，以形成本土化海尔，其雇员也是美国人。什么时候，美国人不再认为海尔是中国的海尔，而是美国的海尔，海尔在美国就算成功了。 对给定资料进行分析，从政府职能部门制定政策的角度，就资料反映问题提出对策建议，供领导参考。要求：分析恰当，对策明确、可行，条理清楚，语言流畅。字数不多于800字。(50分)
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