题目内容
政府质量监督部门的第一次监督检查的主要内容为工程项目()及各施工方的质量保证体系是否已经建立以及完善程度。
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根据《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》(GB／T50358－2005)，工程总承包项目管理的范围应由()约定。
建设工程项目施工成本控制应贯穿于项目从投标阶段开始直至竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节。成本控制过程中的动态资料是指()。
TQC即全面质量管理(Total Quality Contro1)，是20世纪中期在欧美和日本广泛应用的质量管理理念和方法，TQC的主要特点是以()为宗旨。
An international medium of exchange is required for international trade. From the late 1800s until World War I, most countries operated on the gold standard. Gold coins of standard specifications circulated freely between countries, making gold in effect an international currency. This system provided an automatic correction for some trade imbalances, but it had little liquidity (the money supply could not expand as rapidly as required by expanding trade), and it was vulnerable to short-term changes in the gold supply.
After the financial instability of the 1930s, the international monetary system was rebuilt following World War Ⅱ on the gold-exchange standard. The values of most national currencies were fixed in relation to the U. S. dollar; reserves were kept in dollars, which could be exchanged on demand for gold at a set price (#35 on ounce until 1968). The International Monetary Fund (IMF), a key institution set up under this system, makes international loans with capital subscribed by its members which include most noncommunist states. Voting rights are proportional to the amounts subscribed. The IMF has been able, through its loans, to stabilize fluctuating currencies and to influence the internal financial policies of recipient countries, a frequently criticized practice.
The success of the gold-exchange standard, however, depended on the superior position of the United States in world trade. In the 1960s, continual balance of payments deficits lowered U. S. gold reserves and fatally undermined the system. In 1968 a two-tiered system was adopted. Government banks maintained fixed gold prices, while non-governmental buyers traded freely. Simultaneously, non-dollar special drawing rights (SDRs) were assigned to IMF members in proportion to their contributions. But these changes did not relieve strain on the U. S. dollar. In 1971 President Richard Nixon announced that dollars would no longer automatically be exchanged for gold, and since then there has been no single international monetary standard.
As a measure of money flow, the balance of payments differs from the balance of trade primarily because of its greater
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