题目内容

The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers specifically to which of the

A. The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
B. The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat
C. The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
D. The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War
E. The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’ repudiation of the previous racism

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The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior？

A. Size
B. Age
C. Reproductive status
D. Rate of growth
E. Previously exhibited behavior

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The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that______

A. virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
C. the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
D. White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
E. respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle

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Until recently, scientists did not know of a close verte-
brate analogue to the extreme form. of altruism abserved in
eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals
cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own oppor-
(5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.
However, such a vertebrate society may exist among under-
ground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus
glaber, the naked mole rat.
A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or
(10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing
female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor
breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and
she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of
behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have
(15) been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are
removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breed-
ing status among the larger remaining females, leading to a
takeover by a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each
(20)insects’s role being defined by its behavior,body shape, and
physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior. are related primarily to reproductive
status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few
males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding
(25) members, both male and female, seem to participate pri-
marily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and
tunneling. Larger nonreaders are active in defending the
colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels.
Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates
(30)may influence the length of time that an individual performs
a task, regardless of its age.
Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in verte-
brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively
breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)
(35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single
breeding female. The division of labor within social groups
is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among
naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating
by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed,
(40) whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are
not sexually active, and many never breed.
Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage？

A. Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.
B. Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.
C. Behavior. in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior. in eusocial insect societies.
D. The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.
E. The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.

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The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus？

A. The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.
B. An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.
C. Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.
D. Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
E. Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.

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