题目内容
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It speeded up physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it【C1】______ the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the buses,【C2】______ , commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more【C3】______ from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay【C4】______ two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the【C5】______ ex tended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still【C6】______ there for work, shopping, and【C7】______ The new accessibility of land around the periphery (外围) of almost every, major city【C8】______ an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now【C9】______ as urban sprawl (城市蔓延). Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new【C10】______ lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago,【C11】 ______ of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits【C12】______ within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take【C13】______ of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years—lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never【C14】______ ; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These【C15】______ pre sent a feature of residential expansion【C16】______ to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was【C17】______ unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little care to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders【C18】______ transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand【C19】______ much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this【C20】______ . Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.
【C1】
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Dr. Gray and Dr. Wegner did not actually step on people's toes as part of their experiments. But they did arrange for them to receive electric shocks. Altogether, they induced a group of 43 students to participate with offers of academic credits or, failing that, cold cash.
On the day of the experiment, each participant was introduced to a study partner, whom he was told was another student participant but who was in fact an assistant of the two researchers. The students were then told about a number of tasks, which included matching colors, estimating numbers, judging musical pitches (音调) and assessing levels of discomfort. They were later asked to perform. each of these tasks during a series of trials.
In truth, Dr. Gray and Dr. Wegner were interested only in the assessments of discomfort; the rest were mere blinds. In this task, a participant received an electric shock and was asked to evaluate the experience on a scale ranging from one (not at all uncomfortable) to seven (extremely uncomfortable).
During each trial, the participant saw a computer screen which displayed two potential tasks for that session. When assessing discomfort was one of these, the other was always evaluating the relative pitches of two tones. In this, as in the other trials, the participant was told that his partner in the next room would select which task he had to complete.
In fact, participants received an electric shock whenever assessment discomfort was one of the options displayed. But how they thought it had been administered had a crucial effect on their sense of pain. Half the time, the participants were told that their partner had chosen to shock them. The other half they were told that their partner had chosen not to shock them, but that the experimental plan meant this decision had been reversed.
On the one-to-seven scale that Dr. Gray and Dr. Wagner asked the participants to use to assess their pain, the students rated the strength of shocks they thought had been intentionally administered at 3.62, on average; those they thought unintentional averaged 3.00. The researchers also found the apparently unintentional shocks hurt progressively less as the experiment went on, whereas those perceived as deliberate continued to hurt as much.
It would seem, therefore, that malice not only carries a sting of its own. Compared with accidental pain, the sting also lasts longer.
What is the main purpose for Dr. Gray and Dr. Wegner to conduct the experiment？
What does the author tell us about the experiment by Dr. Gray and Dr. Wagner？
What kind of conclusion can we get from the experiment？
With the experiment going on, the two researchers find that ______.
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