题目内容
Sending E-mails to Professors
One student skipped class and then sent the professor an e-mail（51）for copies of her teaching notes.
Another（52）that she was late for a Monday class because she was recovering from drinking too much at a wild weekend party.
At colleges and universities in the US, e-mail has made professors more approachable(平易近人).But many say it has made them too accessible,（53）boundaries that traditionally kept students at a healthy distance.
These days, professors say, students seem to view them as available（54）the clock, sending a steady stream of informal e-mails.
“The tone that they take in e-mails is pretty astounding(令人吃惊的),”said Michael Kessler, an assistant dean at Georgetown University.” They'll（55）you to help:' I need to know this.'”
“There's a fine（56）between meeting their needs and at the same time maintaining a level of legitimacy(正统性)as an （57）who is in charge.”
Christopher Dede, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, said（58）show that students no longer defer to(听从)their professors, perhaps because they realize that professors' （59）could rapidly become outdated.
“The deference was driven by the （60）that professors were all-knowing sources of deep knowledge,” Dede said, and that notion has（61）.
For junior faculty members, e-mails bring new tension into their work, some say, as they struggle with how to（62）.Their job prospects, they realize, may rest in part on student evaluations of their accessibility.
College students say e-mail makes（63）easier to ask questions and helps them learn.
But they seem unaware that what they write in e-mails could have negative effects（64）them, said Alexandra Lahav, and associate professor of Law at the University of Connecticut.
She recalled an e-mail message from a student saying that he planned to miss class so he could play with his son. Professor Lana did not respond.
“Such e-mails can have consequences,” she said.” Students don't understand that （65）they say in e-mail can make them seem unprofessional, and could result in a bad recommendation.”
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Biotechnology in one form. or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.
What then is biotechnology？ The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules; cows can produce more milk for the same amount of feed, and we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that have never before existed.
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