题目内容
The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli(1444 —1510)suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli' s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli' s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs.(Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)
The primary reason for Botticelli' s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of the fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli' s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style. of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from, the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style. that was. only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli' s work to the tradition of the fifteenth century Horentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater(although he, unfortunately , based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli' s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli' s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that. Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central.
Because of Home' s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli' s a-chievements.
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The Village Green in New Milford, Connecticut, is a snapshot of New England charm: a carefully manicured lawn flanded by scrupulously maintained colonial homes. Babysitters dandle kids in the wooden gazebo, waiting for commuter parents to return from New York. On a lazy afternoon last week Caroline Nicholas, 16, had nothing more pressing to do than drink in the early-summer sunshine and discuss the recent events in town. " I don't think a lot of older people knew there were unhappy kids in New Milford, "she said, "I could see it corning. "
In a five-day period in early June eight girls were brought to New Milford Hospital after what hospital officials call suicidal gestures. The girls, all between 12 and 17, tried a variety of measures, including heavy doses of alcohol, o-ver-the-counter medicines and cuts or scratches to their wrists. None was successful, and most didn't require hospitalization; but at least two attempts, according to the hospital, could have been vital. Their reasons seemed as mundane as the other happen-stances of suburban life. " I was just sick of it all, " One told a reporter, " Everything in life. " Most alarming, emergency-room doctor Frederick Lohse told a local reporter that several girls said they were part of a suicide pact. The hospital later backed away from this remark . But coming in the wake of at least sixteen suicide attempts over the previous few months, this sudden cluster—along with the influx of media—has set this well-groomed suburb of 23, 000 on edge. At a town meeting last Wednesday night, Dr Simon Sobo, chief of psychiatry at the hospital, told more than 200 parents and kids, "We're talking about a crisis that has really gotten out of hand. "Later he added, "There have been more suicide attempts this spring than I have seen in the 13 years I have been here. "
Sobo said that the girls he treated didn't have serious problems at home or school. "Many of these were popular kids, " he said, " They got plenty of love, but beneath the reassuring signs, a swath of teens here are not making it. " Some say that drugs, both pot and ' real drugs' , are commonplace. Kids have shown up with LIFE SUCKS and LONG LIVE DEATH penned on their arms. A few girls casually display scars on their arms where they cut themselves . " You'd be surprised how many kids try suicide, " said one girl , 17. " You don't want to put pain on other people; you put it on yourself. "She said she used to cut herself "just to release the pain".
Emily, 15, a friend of three of the girls treated in June, said one was having family problems, one was "upset that day "and the third was "just upset with everything else going on". She said they weren't really trying to kill themselves—they just needed concern. As Sobo noted, "What's going on in New Milford is not unique to New Milford. "The same underlying culture of despair could be found in any town. But teen suicide, he added, can be a "contagion" . Right now New Milford has the bug—and has it bad.
What is the main subject of the passage？
听力原文： Now, let me first give you a brief introduction to the American poet, Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson was America's best-known female poet and one of the foremost authors in American literature. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, Dickinson was the middle child of a prominent lawyer and one-term United States congressional representative, Edward Dickinson, and his wife, Emily Norcross Dickinson. From 1840 to 1847 she attended the Amherst Academy, and from 1847 to 1848 she studied at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College) in South Hadley, a few trips to Boston for eye treatments in the early 1860s, Dickinson remained in Amherst, living in the same house on Main Street from 1855 until her death. During her lifetime, she published only about 10 of her nearly 2, 000 poems, in newspapers, Civil War journals, and a poetry anthology. The first volume of Poems of Emily Dickinson was published in 1890, after Dickinson's death.
Although few of Dickinson's poems were formally published during her lifetime, she herself "published" by sending out at least one-third of her poems in the more than 1, 000 letters she wrote to at least 100 different correspondents. Dickinson's method of binding about 800.of her poems into 40 manuscript. books and distributing several hundred of them in letters is now widely recognized as her particular form. of self-publication. She also read her poems aloud to several people, including her cousins Louise and Frances Norcross, over a period of three decades.
Well, that's all about her life. Now shall we concentrate on her famous poem, "Success is Counted Sweetest".
In which state was Emily Dickson born？
Part A
Directions: You will hear a talk. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1-10.
听力原文： Every year there are reports of people dying as the result of extremely hot weather. Many of the victims are old persons, whose hearts or breathing systems decline. But many die from lack of water.
Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about the other building blocks of life such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating, but two or three days without water usually leads to death.
The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New born babies are as much as 85% water. Women are about 65% water and men about 75%. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells, and fat cells hold less water than other kinds of cells.
Water does many different things to keep us healthy. It carries hormones , antibodies and foods through the body, and carries away waste materials. That is why different parts of the body contain different amounts of water. For example, blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain is 74% , and bones are 25%, .
Water is also necessary for cooling the body under hot weather and when we are working hard or exercising. Water carries body heat to the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost through perspiration. Researchers say cool liquids cool us faster than warm liquids, because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well because the sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood-stream.
Researchers also note that fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why overweight people have a more easy time staying cool than thin people.
The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. A 10% drop in body water can cause the blood system to fail. A 15% ~ 20% drop usually leads to death. To replace what is lost, health experts say growing persons should drink about 2 liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we can also get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. Meats are 50% ~ 60% water. And even bread is about 33% water. Water may be one of the most simple of all chemical substances, but it is the most important substance that we put into our bodies.
Water is a kind of chemical substance.
Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.
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