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【B9】
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Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Someone has calculated that by the time an American reaches the age of 40, he or she has been exposed to one million ads. Another estimate is that we have encountered more than 600,000 ads by the time we reach the age of only 18. Now, of course, we don't remember what exactly they said or even what the product was, but a composite message gets through: that you deserve the best, that you should have it now, and that it's okay to indulge yourself, because you deserve the compliments, sex appeal, or adventure you are going to get as a result of buying this car or those cigarettes.
Our consumer-based economy makes two absolutely reciprocal psychological demands on its members. On the one hand, you need the "discipline" values to ensure that people will be good workers and lead orderly, law-abiding lives. On the other hand, you need the "enjoy yourself" messages to get people to be good consumers. One author was disturbed about the "enjoy yourself" side, but acknowledged that "without a means of stimulating mass consumption, the very structure of our business enterprise would collapse."
The interesting question has to do with the psychological consequences of the discrepancy between the dual messages. The "discipline" or "traditional values" theme demands that one compartment of the personality have a will strong enough to keep the individual doing unpleasant work at low wages, or to stay in an unhappy marriage, and, in general, to do things for the good of the commonwealth.
The "enjoy yourself" message, on the other hand, tends to encourage a very different kind of personality—one that is self-centered, based on impulse, and is unwilling to delay rewards. As an illustration, I can't resist reciting one of my favorite ads of all time, an ad from a psychology magazine: "I love me. I'm just a good friend to myself. And I like to do what makes me feel good. I used to sit around, putting things off till tomorrow. Tomorrow I'll drink champagne, and buy a set of pearls, and pick up that new stereo. But now I live my dreams today, not tomorrow."
So what happens to us as we take in these opposing messages, as we are, in fact, torn between the opposite personality types that our society seems to require of us？ The result is anxiety, fear, and a mysterious dread. The fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer culture is real: the credit card company is not friendly when you default on your bills. And we all know that the path of pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is a recipe for financial ruin—for most of us, anyway—and that, in American society, them isn't much of a safety net to catch you if you fall.
From the first paragraph we know that ads in America are very ______.
A．He thought she preferred to study alone.B．He thought she had made arrangements to st
Dictating fiscal policies is the job of both congress and the Federal Reserve System.
M: What does it look like I am doing？
W: Well, it looks like you are watching television. But we have a linear algebra midterm tomorrow, so I thought you'd be studying for it and maybe I can study with you.
M: Oh, well, I was just taking a break. This linear algebra stuff gives me a headache if I work on it too long.
W: I know what you mean. I've been working on it for three hours already. I'm beginning to get cross. I've been guessing at the sample problems. I just don't get some of them.
M: But I can't believe you are coming to me. I mean you do know what I got on the last test, don't you？
W: Yeah, I know. You told me. I just thought two heads might be better than one.
M: Yeah, that's a nice idea. But...you know, I wish I knew that person in our class who got a hundred on the last test. She didn't miss a question. Umm...was it Elizabeth？
W: Oh yeah, Elizabeth! She is a friend of mine. She'd be a big help right now. Why don't I give her a call？
M: What! At this hour？ It's already ten thirty. I don't wanna impose on her.
W: Yeah, I guess you are right. But you know what, she owes me a big favor. Let's at least give her a call and see what she says. Maybe going over some of the problems with us would help her review the material.
M: It's worth a try.
(20)
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