题目内容
根据以下材料，回答题
Earth Angels
（1） Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts （烟头） were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms， South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate， she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others， Joying also bought or received donations of gallon-size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later. Joying says the buckets are full and the beach is nearly free of cigarette debris （残片） .
（2） People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs， Colorado have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife.
Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife， Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about， among other things， where fences and parking areas should be built.
（3） Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria， Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water， a real danger in rural areas， where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now， the "Don"t Be Crude" program runs oil collection sites——tanks that hold up to 460 gallons- where people in the community can dispose of their oil.
（4） Five years ago， 11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn"t have clean water， and that as little as $70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted，" says Ryan， of Kemptville，Ontario， in Canada. "In other countries， you have to plan for it." Ryan earned the first $70 by doing extra chores （零工） ， but with the help of others， he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars.
（5） His efforts led to the start of the Ryan"s Well Foundation， which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.
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Spacing in Animals Flight Distance
Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. "Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance- the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard&39;s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.
Critical Distance Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction.
"Critical distance" includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion&39;s critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.
Social Distance Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group -- that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group- it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.
Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short--apparently only a few yards--among some animals, and quite long among others.
Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother&39;s voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo.
When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.
Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance？ 查看材料
【背景资料】
某幕墙专业公司通过招投标从总承包单位承接了某机关办公大楼幕墙工程施工任务。双方合同约定，本工程实行包工包料，合同工期180个日历天。
在施工过程中，发生了以下事件：
事件一：按照合同约定，总承包单位应在8月1日交出施工场地，但由于总承包单位负责施工的主体结构没有如期完成，使幕墙开工时间延误了10d。
事件二：幕墙专业公司向某铝塑复合板生产厂订购铝塑复合板，考虑该生产厂具有与本工程规模相符的幕墙安装资质，幕墙专业公司遂与该厂签订了铝塑复合板幕墙供料和安装的合同。总承包单位对此提出异议，要求幕墙专业公司解除铝塑复合板安装合同并将生产厂家相关安装人员清退出场。
事件三：对办好隐蔽工程验收的部位，幕墙专业公司已进行了封闭，但总承包单位和监理单位对个别施工部位的质量还有疑虑，要求重新检验。
问题：
1．事件一中，幕墙专业公司可否要求总承包单位给予工期补偿和赔偿停工损失？说明理由。
2．事件二中，总承包单位要求幕墙专业公司解除铝塑复合板安装合同并清退相关人员出场是否合理？说明理由。
3．事件三中，幕墙专业公司是否可以因这些部位已经进行过隐蔽工程验收而拒绝重新检验？重新检验的费用应由谁承担？
4．幕墙安装施工阶段，应对哪些项目进行隐蔽检验？
【背景资料】
某工程地下2层，地上15层，现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构，由于局部技术难度大，业主采用了邀请招标方式，择优选择了其中一家作为中标单位，并与其签订了工程施工承包合同，承包工作范围包括土建、机电安装和装修工程。该工程开工日期为2011年4月1日，合同工期为18个月。
在合同履行过程中发生以下事件：
事件一：2011年5月施工单位为保证施工质量，扩大了开挖面积，导致开挖量、费用及相应工序持续时间增加。于是向业主提出了索赔费用3．0万元，工期索赔3d。
事件二：2011年8月份，恰逢连降7d罕见大雨，造成停工损失2．5万元，工期增加了4d。于是施工单位据此向业主提出了索赔。
事件三：2012年2月份，在主体砌筑工程中，因施工图设计有误，实际工程量增加，导致费用增加3．8万元，相应工序持续时间增加了2d。于是施工单位据此向业主提出了索赔。
事件四：在工程保修期间发生了由于施工质量原因引起的屋顶漏水、墙面剥落等问题，业主在多次催促施工单位修理，而施工单位一再拖延的情况下，于是业主另请其他施工单位进行了维修。
上述事件中，除事件二外，其他工序时间的延误均未超过工作的总时差。
问题：
1．事件一中施工单位的索赔是否成立？说明理由。
2．事件二中施工单位的索赔是否成立？说明理由。
3．事件三中施工单位的索赔是否成立？说明理由。
4．事件四中施工单位的做法是否妥当？说明理由。所发生的维修费用该如何处理？
简述流动负债的性质、分类和计价。
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